US technology pioneer IBM turned 100 years old yesterday and while “Big Blue” is no longer the dominant player in the computer industry, it remains a force to be reckoned with.
With a market capitalization of US$197 billion, IBM is the world’s 14th-most valuable technology company, well behind California gadget-maker Apple’s US$304 billion, but close to software giant Microsoft’s US$201 billion.
Thomas Misa, a history of science and technology professor at the University of Minnesota, credits IBM’s longevity to its “mastery of getting information processing power into users’ hands in a form that they need and want.”
“They did this in the 1930s with punch-card tabulation machines and they are doing the same, essentially, with the post-1993 shift to information services,” Misa said.
While its ancestry stretches back to the 19th century, IBM dates its birth to the June 16, 1911 merger of four firms: the Tabulating Machine Co, the International Time Recording Co, the Bundy Manufacturing Co and the Computing Scale Co of America.
Thomas Watson Sr, the man credited with building IBM into a powerhouse, joined the new company, Computing Tabulating-Recording Co (CTR), in 1914 and renamed it International Business Machines Corp in 1924.
Over the years, rivals have mocked IBM’s corporate culture of conformity, but that has not stopped the Armonk, New York, company from being at the forefront of technological innovation.
IBM claims to hold more US patents than any other company and five of its employees have won Nobel prizes for physics.
Dag Spicer, senior curator of the Computer History Museum in California, said IBM’s success could be traced in part to its readiness to take “big gambles.”
“During the Depression, Tom Watson kept making machines even though there was no market,” Spicer said. “In 1935, FDR [then-US president Franklin Delano Roosevelt] passed the Social Security Act. The law passed and IBM was the only company that had the equipment ready to go.”
Thomas Watson Jr, who took over the presidency of IBM in 1952 from his father, embarked on a huge gamble of his own in 1964, Spicer said.
“Tom Watson Jr decided to bet essentially the whole company — US$5 billion, probably the equivalent of US$100 billion today — on a new computer system, the System/360,” he said. “It made all of IBM’s products obsolete.”
“The System/360 was the most successful mainframe computer of all time, sealing the blue letters IBM in the public imagination,” he said.
IBM was unable to emulate its success with mainframe computers with PCs and the firm struggled in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
“Microsoft and Intel were the big winners in the personal computer market, which IBM defined but did not long dominate,” Misa said.
IBM sold its PC division to China’s Lenovo in 2005 for US$1.25 billion. It’s comeback came with a strategic shift to software and services. The company posted revenue of US$99.9 billion this year.
IBM also grabbed headlines earlier this year when an IBM computer called Watson handily defeated two human champions on the popular US TV game show Jeopardy in a triumph of artificial intelligence. Watson’s triumph came 14 years after an IBM computer named Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a closely watched, six-game match.
The US dollar was trading at NT$29.7 at 10am today on the Taipei Foreign Exchange, as the New Taiwan dollar gained NT$1.364 from the previous close last week. The NT dollar continued to rise today, after surging 3.07 percent on Friday. After opening at NT$30.91, the NT dollar gained more than NT$1 in just 15 minutes, briefly passing the NT$30 mark. Before the US Department of the Treasury's semi-annual currency report came out, expectations that the NT dollar would keep rising were already building. The NT dollar on Friday closed at NT$31.064, up by NT$0.953 — a 3.07 percent single-day gain. Today,
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