US Attorney General John Ashcroft told the Sept. 11 commission on Tuesday that the administration of former US president Bill Clinton bore most of the blame for the attacks because it allowed the nation's defenses to wither for eight years.
Facing charges he blocked counterterrorism funds in 2001 at a dramatic day of testimony on the attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people, Ashcroft found himself at the center of a storm over his actions in the months before they took place.
In two staff reports, the panel investigating the hijacked airliner assaults on New York and Washington also leveled stinging criticism at the Justice Department and FBI for failing to meet the growing threat from al-Qaeda.
The commission cited a May 10 Justice Department document setting priorities for 2001. The top priorities cited were reducing gun violence and combating drug trafficking. There was no mention of counterterrorism.
When Dale Watson, the head of the counterterrorism division, saw the document, he "almost fell out of his chair," the commission report said.
Ashcroft testified that he had told the Senate the previous day that his No. 1 priority was to protect the American people against terrorism. He said the May 10 memorandum was based on goals developed by the previous administration.
"We did not know that an attack was coming because for nearly a decade our government had blinded itself to its enemies," Ashcroft said.
"Our agents were isolated by government-imposed walls, handcuffed by government-imposed restrictions and starved for basic information and technology."
Earlier, Thomas Pickard, who was acting FBI director in the summer of 2001, said Ashcroft had blocked the funds he sought.
"The additional funds we were looking for on counterterrorism were denied," Pickard said. He appealed the decision but added, "On Sept. 12, I read a denial of that appeal from the attorney general."
Ashcroft said the Justice Department was still operating under the Clinton administration's budget in 2001. He said US President George W. Bush had proposed the largest counterterrorism budget increase for five years and was moving urgently to upgrade the FBI's antiquated computer systems when the attacks took place.
He said that over the eight years of the Clinton administration, the FBI's technology budget was "starved for funds" and was US$36 million below its 1992 level.
The commission's two staff reports issued on Tuesday analyzed in detail the failure to prevent the hijacked airliner attacks on New York and Washington.
The FBI came in for criticism as well, with the commission determining the bureau was hampered by a culture resistant to change, inadequate resources and legal barriers.
"On Sept. 11, 2001, the FBI was limited in several areas critical to an effective, preventive counterterrorism strategy," the report said.
Appearing before the panel to defend his oversight of the bureau from 1993 until a few months before the attacks, former FBI Director Louis Freeh testified that he sought permission to hire almost 1,900 counterterrorism linguists, analysts and agents in the last three years but was allowed to add just 76.
He rejected a characterization by the commission's Republican chairman, former New Jersey governor Thomas Kean, that the staff report amounted to an indictment of the FBI.
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