The US government’s aggressive prosecution of leaks and efforts to control information are having a chilling effect on journalists and government whistle-blowers, according to a report released on Thursday on US press freedoms under US President Barack Obama’s administration.
The Committee to Protect Journalists conducted its first examination of US press freedoms amid the Obama administration’s unprecedented number of prosecutions of government sources and seizures of journalists’ records. Usually the group focuses on advocating for press freedoms abroad.
Leonard Downie Jr, a former executive editor of the Washington Post, wrote the 30-page analysis titled The Obama Administration and the Press.
Illustration: YUSHA
The report says Obama came into office pledging an open, transparent government after criticizing the former US president George W. Bush administration’s secrecy, “but he has fallen short of his promise.”
“In the Obama administration’s Washington, government officials are increasingly afraid to talk to the press,” wrote Downie, now a journalism professor at Arizona State University. “The administration’s war on leaks and other efforts to control information are the most aggressive I’ve seen since the [former US president Richard] Nixon administration, when I was one of the editors involved in the Washington Post’s investigation of Watergate.”
Downie interviewed numerous reporters and editors, including a top editor at The Associated Press (AP), following revelations this year that the government secretly seized records for telephone lines and switchboards used by more than 100 AP journalists. Downie also interviewed journalists whose sources have been prosecuted on felony charges. Those suspected of discussing classified information are increasingly subject to investigation, lie-detector tests, scrutiny of telephone and e-mail records and now surveillance by co-workers under a new “Insider Threat Program” that has been implemented in every agency.
“There’s no question that sources are looking over their shoulders,” Michael Oreskes, the AP’s senior managing editor, told Downie. “Sources are more jittery and more standoffish, not just in national security reporting. A lot of skittishness is at the more routine level. The Obama administration has been extremely controlling and extremely resistant to journalistic intervention.”
To bypass journalists, the White House developed its own network of Web sites, social media and even created an online newscast to dispense favorable information and images. In some cases, the White House produces videos of the president’s meetings with major figures that were never listed on his public schedule. Instead, they were kept secret — a departure from past administrations, the report said.
Frank Sesno, a former CNN Washington bureau chief who is now director of George Washington University’s School of Media and Public Affairs, told Downie the combined efforts of the Obama administration are “squeezing the flow of information.”
“Open dialogue with the public without filters is good, but if used for propaganda and to avoid contact with journalists, it’s a slippery slope,” Sesno said.
In response to the report, White House spokesman Eric Schultz said Obama had committed his administration to work toward unprecedented openness. He said it is the first administration to release White House visitor records.
“Over the past four years, federal agencies have gone to great efforts to make government more transparent and more accessible than ever, to provide people with information that they can use in their daily lives,” Schultz said.
The administration has processed a record number of Freedom of Information Act requests and improved processing times, strengthened whistle-blower protections with a new law and improved transparency on government spending, data, lobbying and other information, Schultz said. He also said Obama has declassified volumes of information and signed orders limiting new classifications.
Schultz said existing whistleblower laws do not apply in the same way to employees at intelligence agencies, but he said Obama signed a directive to ensure such whistle-blowers are protected from retaliation.
In the report, White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said such complaints about transparency are part of the “natural tension” between the White House and the press.
“The idea that people are shutting up and not leaking to reporters is belied by the facts,” Carney told Downie.
US National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes said there is still investigative reporting about national security issues with information from “non-sanctioned sources with lots of unclassified information and some sensitive information.”
Downie found the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the US were a “watershed moment,” leading to increased secrecy, surveillance and control of information. There is little direct comparison between the administrations of Bush and Obama, though some journalists told Downie that the Obama administration exercises more control.
“Every administration learns from the previous administration,” CBS chief Washington correspondent Bob Schieffer said. “They become more secretive and put tighter clamps on information.”
Shortly after Obama entered office, the White House was under pressure from intelligence agencies and US Congress to stop leaks of national security information. The administration’s first prosecution for leaking information came in April 2009, after a Hebrew linguist working for the FBI gave a blogger classified information about Israel.
Other prosecutions followed, targeting some government employees who believed they were whistle-blowers.
The administration has rejected whistle-blower claims if they do not involve “waste, fraud or abuse,” the report said.
So sources exposing questionable or illegal practices are considered leaks.
To date, six government employees and two contractors have been targeted for prosecution under the 1917 Espionage Act for accusations that they leaked classified information to the press. There were just three such prosecutions under all previous US presidents.
By last year, an AP report about the CIA’s success in foiling a bomb plot in Yemen further escalated the Obama administration’s efforts, even as the White House congratulated the CIA on the operation, Downie wrote. The disclosure in May that the government had secretly subpoenaed and seized AP telephone records drew sharp criticism from many news organizations and civil rights advocates.
Last month, the US Department of Justice announced AP’s telephone records led investigators to a former FBI bomb technician who pleaded guilty to disclosing the operation to a reporter.
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