Sun, Feb 04, 2018 page15

• Social impact bonds help cities lower homelessness

  • By Carey L. Biron / Thomson Reuters Foundation, WASHINGTON
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  The past couple of years have been a roller coaster for Maurice Cushinberry — first of homelessness, substance abuse and legal trouble, and then of sudden stability.

  Although he had tried to find a home during that time, he was discouraged by the paperwork and process. However, shortly after Easter last year, a social worker contacted him and said he had been selected to participate in a new housing program.

  “Within two weeks, I had a place to stay,” Cushinberry told the Thomson Reuters Foundation from Denver, Colorado. “They gave me housing first, and then we tried to work out all the other kinks in my life.”

  The program is one of a rising number of initiatives around the world bringing together government departments, service providers, foundations, banks, pension funds and more to address complex social problems.

  The key innovation is how they these programs are financed.

  Rather than rely on handouts by cash-strapped governments, private investors step in to provide money through a financing tool known as a social impact bond.

  The investors — most of them philanthropic organizations and entrepreneurs — provide up-front capital to deliver social services and only get a return if the program achieves predefined results.

  The approach, also known as “pay for success,” is motivated by a simple set of questions: How can public services ensure they are accomplishing what they set out to achieve, and can they prove they are effective to prompt more investment?

  Since 2010, the idea has started catching on across the globe. This week, the Social Finance Global Network announced 108 social impact bonds are now in existence in 24 countries.

  “Because it’s so complicated and involves so many sectors, bringing these uncommon partners around a common goal, I would never have projected how swiftly it went from concept to reality,” said Tracy Palandjian, cofounder of the US arm of Social Finance, a London-based pioneer on the issue.

  Social Finance UK spearheaded the world’s first social impact bond in 2010, raising ￡5 million (US$7.1 million at the current exchange rate) for a program aimed at reducing repeat offenders among former inmates of HM Peterborough Prison in England.

  Dozens of such initiatives addressing issues such as housing and low-income healthcare have since been launched globally, Social Finance said, raising almost US$400 million and affecting more than 700,000 people.

  Out of the 27 social impact bonds that have been completed, 10 have been successful enough to return a full investment, the organization said.

  Last year saw 32 new launches in nine countries, and others have been announced over the past month.

  While many social impact bonds have originated at the national and state levels, homelessness is an issue typically addressed directly by cities.

  Globally, housing issues make up the third-largest area for social impact bonds, Social Finance data showed.

  “What’s interesting about cities is they’re much more agile in terms of decisionmaking. They concentrate on improving their communities using their own budgets,” said Ronald Cohen, chair of a global steering group on social impact investing and a prominent supporter of the bonds.

  Tackling social problems can often be more manageable at the urban scale, and cities are notable in their ability to get local communities involved in a social project, he said.

  One example is Denver, where a five-year US$8.6 million project began in 2016 with the aim of providing 250 long-term homeless people who made frequent use of emergency services with affordable housing, as well as healthcare and other services.

  Cushinberry is one of the participants.

  Over the past month the project met its participants’ quota and is now fully up and running.

  Although the Denver project is the third in the US to focus on homelessness, it is the first to combine this with a focus on breaking what organizers call the “homelessness-jail cycle.”

  Social spending on those 250 people would typically amount to about US$7.3 million per year — “extremely costly and ineffective,” a city fact sheet showed.

  Under the social impact bond, Denver agreed to pay the eight local and national foundations and funds that invested a certain rate — a bit more than US$15 — for each day the 250 participants are stably housed and not in jail, up to about US$11.4 million.

  Through the project’s first 18 months, it surpassed agreed benchmarks.

  “They’re getting and staying housed — this was a really positive first look,” said Sarah Gillespie, a senior research associate with the Urban Institute think tank and lead author on a report tracking the project’s first year and a half.

  After one year, the research found that 89 percent of the first 100 participants were still in stable housing.

  That means the city’s first payment to investors will total about US$188,000, the mayor’s office said.

  Calculations and any payments on jail time will come only after three years of full data, although expectations are for a reduction of 35 percent to 40 percent.

  Buoyed by these initial results, Denver Mayor Michael Hancock has requested additional funds this year to expand the program by another 100 participants.

  Social impact bonds have been criticized for the lengthy time frames required for implementation, the complexity of establishing the contract and the rigor of data analysis required.

  However, supporters have said the approach is fundamentally changing the way that government works.

  “Government has never really measured the impact of its expenditures,” Cohen said, but added that it is “beginning to realize that in its commissioning, it can do a lot better.”
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