Lebanon’s elections on Sunday are not expected to yield a seismic shift, despite widespread discontent with a graft-tainted political class blamed for a painful economic crisis and a deadly disaster, experts say.
Given Lebanon’s sectarian-based politics, it is likely to “reproduce the political class and give it internal and international legitimacy,” said Rima Majed of the American University of Beirut.
“Maybe candidates from the opposition will clinch some seats, but I don’t think that there will be a change in the political scene,” said Majed, an expert in sectarianism and social movements.
Photo: EPA-EFE
Beirut voter Issam Ayyad, 70, put it more simply: “We will not be able to change.”
The small country’s political system has long distributed power among its religious communities, entrenching a ruling elite who have treated politics as a family business.
By convention, the Lebanese president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim and the speaker of parliament a Shiite.
In the current parliament, the Shiite Hezbollah party and its allies, including the Christian Free Patriotic Movement, command a majority.
The system has held back the emergence of non-sectarian political parties and civil society representatives.
The elections are to be the first since a youth-led protest movement broke out in October 2019 against a political class seen as inept, corrupt and responsible for a litany of woes, from power blackouts to piles of uncollected garbage.
The anger exploded into months of street rallies, but lost momentum as the COVID-19 pandemic hit, together with a financial crash that the World Bank has labelled one of the world’s worst in modern times.
Popular fury flared again after a huge stockpile of ammonium nitrate that had languished in a Beirut port warehouse for years exploded in August 2020, killing more than 200 people and devastating entire neighborhoods.
Successive governments have since failed to chart a path out of Lebanon’s worst crisis since the 1975-1990 civil war that has sparked runaway inflation, deepened dire poverty and fueled a mass exodus.
Where the Lebanese state has failed to provide basic services, traditional political leaders have tended to step in with their decades-old patronage networks — a trend more alive than ever during the current crisis.
“The elections are not meant to assess the performance of politicians,” Majed said. “They are more a game of loyalty to whoever provides ... the most basic services.”
Public-sector jobs have long been among the main handouts, but now fuel and cash assistance also feature high on the list, giving an advantage to established parties over new opposition groups that lack funds and foreign support.
While bolstered by the 2019 protest movement, new independent candidates have also failed to build a coherent front that could energize a dispirited electorate, observers say.
Nearly 44 percent of eligible voters plan to abstain, according to a survey last month of more than 4,600 voters by British charity Oxfam.
Polling expert Kamal Feghali said that many voters had hoped the newcomers would run “with a unified list and program,” but instead their competing electoral lists “will scatter the vote.”
While independents are likely to do slightly better than in 2018, when only one of them won a seat, the overall vote is once more likely to favor Hezbollah, Lebanon’s biggest political and military force, and its allies, Feghali said.
Iran-backed Hezbollah, first formed as a resistance force against Israel, is now often described as a state within a state that is all-powerful in regions under its control.
Its pre-election intimidation tactics are “salient,” Oxfam said, adding that such behavior tells voters “that change might be denied, and in turn might lead to either a reduction in turnout or a distortion in voting behavior.”
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