In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has dried up ecotourism, cutting off sources of funding that help protect wildlife and pay an income to communities working to preserve nature.
However, forgiving a share of Kenya’s hefty foreign debt, in exchange for the government devoting those resources to fighting climate change threats and biodiversity loss, could tackle several big problems at once, researchers said yesterday.
“As part of pandemic economic rescue packages, governments have an opportunity to address simultaneously the crises of debt, climate and biodiversity destruction,” researchers from the London-based International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) wrote in a report, Tackling the Triple Crisis.
It ranks countries that would benefit most from such “debt swaps” based on their vulnerability to climate change, richness of biodiversity, indebtedness and creditworthiness.
At the top of the list are Cape Verde — an island nation off the coast of West Africa — Vietnam, Honduras, Kenya, Nicaragua and Papua New Guinea.
For example, in Vietnam, swapping debt for nature and climate protection could help farmers in the Mekong Delta — a major food-growing area at high risk of sea level rise — switch to salt-tolerant crop varieties, said IIED chief economist Paul Steele, coauthor of the report.
Opening up budget space could also expand a government effort that pays farmers, particularly in the poorest indigenous communities, to plant trees and conserve forests, he said.
Most of the US$8 trillion in debt owed by developing nations last year was held by wealthy countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, China and large asset managers, which all might have good reason to consider such swaps, he said.
CHINESE MOVE
China is the host of the next Convention on Biological Diversity summit, delayed until next year, which aims to increase finance for nature protection, among other goals.
As the biggest holder of bilateral debt with developing nations, China could set an example by testing out debt swaps, and recently mentioned them at an Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank meeting, Steele said.
Asset managers facing debt write-offs as a result of the downturn linked to the pandemic might opt to put them to productive use — which could both support ailing economies and reduce the need for more debt relief in the future, Steele said.
Some investors that have made commitments to net-zero emissions by 2050 could also consider debt swaps as part of their broader mission, he added.
Debt-for-nature and debt-for-climate swaps are a relatively new idea.
SEYCHELLES EXAMPLE
The Seychelles in 2018 signed a US$27 million deal brokered through The Nature Conservancy, with the freed-up cash going to set up a big marine reserve, Steele said.
Similar agreements might particularly suit other small island developing states in the Caribbean or Pacific with large debt, high climate vulnerability and rich biodiversity, he said.
In all the swaps, money would be made available for climate and nature protection under a “results-based” payment system, in which the debtor nation must do what it promises to obtain the debt relief, Steele said.
While Britain no longer holds much developing-country debt after forgiving most of it decades ago, as the host of next year’s major UN climate summit it could put pressure on creditors in London’s financial center to participate in such swaps, he added.
These deals might become more attractive — and important — as debt rises in developing countries battling the pandemic and economic downturns, researchers said.
Developing-world debt was already reaching record levels before the COVID-19 crisis, rising to 170 percent of GDP across the countries last year from 110 percent in 2010, IMF data showed.
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