A giant starfish-eating snail could be unleashed to help save the Great Barrier Reef, officials said yesterday, with a trial under way to breed thousands of the rare species.
Predatory crown-of-thorns starfish, which munch coral, are naturally occurring, but have proliferated due to pollution and agricultural run-off at the struggling World Heritage-listed ecosystem.
Their affect has been profound with a major study of the 2,300km long reef’s health in 2012 showing coral cover halved over the past 27 years, with 42 percent of the damage attributed to the pest.
Photo: AFP / Jodie RUMMER / ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) research has shown they avoid areas where the Pacific triton sea snail — also known as the giant triton — is present.
The snails — which can grow to 50cm — have a well developed sense of smell and can hunt their prey by scent alone.
Research showed they were particularly fond of crown-of-thorns, but only eat a few each week, and with the snail almost hunted to extinction for their shells, there are not many left.
This led the Australian government to announce funding to research breeding them.
“The possibilities the triton breeding project opens up are exciting,” Queensland Member of Parliament Warren Entsch said. “If successful, this research will allow scientists to closely look at the impact of giant tritons on crown-of-thorns behavior and test their potential as a management tool to help reduce coral lost to outbreaks.”
Giant tritons held at AIMS have laid numerous teardrop-shaped egg capsules, with more than 100,000 swimming larvae hatching in the last month.
However, they are so rare, almost nothing is known about their life cycle.
The eight snails that AIMS have took them two years to collect.
“We really don’t know anything about them, what they eat, whether they’re nocturnal or not, and this is the first real attempt to breed them,” said Cherie Motti, the marine ecologist leading the breeding program.
Her research will focus on helping the larvae transition to their juvenile and adult stages, providing valuable insights into their biology, with the ultimate aim to deploy them to prevent crown-of-thorns aggregating closely during spawning seasons.
“If we can have a natural predator doing the job for us [killing the starfish], it will be the best outcome,” Motti said. “There is a still a long way to go. We hope to learn more this year and within two years have babies growing happily.”
Until now expensive chemicals such as bile salts have been used to try and eradicate the starfish, but they can harm other marine organisms.
In April, research showed they can be safely killed with white vinegar, but dive teams would need to individually inject each starfish before it dies and breaks up, making it a massive job with a estimated 10 million of them on the reef.
The Great Barrier Reef, the largest living structure on Earth, is also reeling from an unprecedented second straight year of coral bleaching due to warming sea temperatures linked to climate change.
In May, Australia hosted a summit of more than 70 of the world’s leading marine experts to work on a blueprint on how best to respond to the threats facing the reef.
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