Computers have learned to master backgammon, chess and Atari’s video game Breakout, but one game has always eluded them. It is a Chinese board game called “Go” (圍棋) invented more than 2,500 years ago. The artificial-intelligence challenge has piqued the interest of researchers at Google and Facebook, and the search giant has recently made a breakthrough.
Google has developed the first artificial-intelligence software that has learned to play Go and is able to beat some professional human players, according to an article that was published on Wednesday in the journal Nature.
Google DeepMind, the London research group behind the project, is now getting the software ready for a March competition in Seoul against the world’s best Go player.
Photo: Reuters
The event harks back to the highly publicized chess match in 1996 when IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeated the world chess champion. However, Go is a much more complex game.
It typically consists of a 19-by-19-square board, where players attempt to capture empty areas and surround an opponent’s pieces. Whereas chess offers about 20 possible choices per move, Go has about 200, Google DeepMind co-founder Demis Hassabis said.
UNCERTAINTY
“There’s still a lot of uncertainty over this match, whether we win,” he said.
IBM demonstrated the phenomenal processing power available to modern computers. DeepMind should highlight how these phenomenally powerful machines are beginning to think in a more “human” way.
Computer scientists have been trying to crack Go for years. Facebook is working on a similar project using the same sorts of neural-network and search technology as Google. The social networking company on Tuesday said that its software has also beaten humans. Google’s version, called AlphaGo, achieved higher scores than Facebook’s, according to data from the companies.
The research has implications beyond an old Chinese board game. The systems used by Facebook and Google were not pre-programmed with specific “if-this-then-do-that” code or explicitly told the rules. Instead, they learned to play at a very high level by themselves.
These techniques can be adapted to any problem “where you have a large amount of data that you have to find insights in,” Hassabis said.
The firm’s Go research would be used to improve its Facebook M virtual assistant and accessibility services, Facebook spokesman Ari Entin said.
Machines are five to 10 years ahead of where he expected them to be, British Go Association president Jon Diamond said.
ALPHAGO
“It’s really quite a large, sudden leap in strength. This is a significantly better result than any other computer Go program has achieved up to now,” he said.
Google’s AlphaGo learned to play at an expert level by watching people compete and then simulating millions of its own games against itself. It eventually became good enough to defeat even the best software that had been pre-programmed to play Go.
In October last year, Google pitted AlphaGo against Fan Hui, the best player in Europe. They played five games. The computer won all of them.
Google DeepMind employs more than 200 artificial-intelligence researchers and engineers.
Over the 18 months or so it has spent on AlphaGo, the team ballooned from two or three people to 15, Hassabis said.
“Go is a pretty sizable project for us,” he said.
DeepMind recently hired Matthew Lai, a London researcher who developed a system capable of playing chess at the grandmaster level.
His software was able to reason in a way similar to how humans do, a more efficient method than IBM’s attempt to crunch every possible outcome before making a move in the 1990s.
Hassabis said Google might follow Facebook’s lead in making a version of its Go software available online for people to play against. However, first, the company must worry about the match in Seoul. AlphaGo is going up against Lee Sedol, the world’s top player over the past decade. The winner is to receive US$1 million.
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