Patrick, a premature baby weighing a minuscule 1.2kg, was “saved” by a breast milk bank in South Africa, where child mortality is high despite being the continent’s most developed economy.
“It was a question of life and death because of the fact he could not go on formula,” said his 39-year-old mother, Annerleigh Bartlett.
“There was no way. He was too little,” she said.
Bartlett, from Cape Town, was not producing her own milk yet, and the formula can damage premature babies’ intestines.
So, for the first two weeks of his life, Patrick relied on breast milk for his survival, donated by anonymous women.
The principle of milk banks is simple: mothers donate milk, which is tested, pasteurized, then delivered to babies in need. “Every drop counts,” said a poster at the headquarters of the South African Breastmilk Reserve, a network of milk banks which supply 87 hospitals and feed over 2,800 children this year.
“Human milk banks should be promoted and supported as an effective approach to reduce... mortality for babies who cannot be breastfed,” the South African Ministry of Health said in a recent report.
“South Africa has a much higher nutrition problem than countries at comparable income levels,” it said.
South Africa’s infant mortality rate was 32.8 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013 — far higher than nations such as Egypt, Algeria or Indonesia.
Children who are exclusively breastfed are 14 times more likely to survive in the first six months of life than formula-fed children, the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF said, but South Africa has very low breastfeeding rates at just 7.4 percent, partly as a result of prevalent poverty and effective marketing by baby formula companies. Soon after having their babies, many poor mothers need to work again.
“Many of these moms are not employed in the formal sector. They don’t get maternity benefits,” North West University Center of Excellence for Nutrition researcher Chantell Witten said.
“It means that moms are not with their baby, so they start formula feed. These babies don’t get the right formula because moms can’t afford to feed adequately and appropriately,” she said.
There is also a pervasive belief in South Africa that formula milk is better for the baby.
“A lot of poor people think that rich people formula-feed. They aspire for the best for their children,” South African Breastmilk Reserve director Stasha Jordan said, describing some of the marketing for formula as “aggressive.”
Until 2011, formula was distributed for free to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child, another factor leading towards a bias to using formula over milk.
The milk undergoes strict microbiological screening and donors must take AIDS and hepatitis B tests.
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