The secessionist leader during Nigeria’s civil war in the late 1960s and a pivotal figure in the country’s history, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, has died aged 78, the presidency announced on Saturday.
Ojukwu would be “remembered forever as one of the great personalities of his time who stood out easily as a brave, courageous, fearless, erudite and charismatic leader,” a statement said.
The former leader died in the UK, although no cause of death was given. Local media reported it had occurred overnight. He had been ill and receiving treatment overseas for a number of months.
The Oxford-educated Ojukwu, who had been an army Lieutenant Colonel, led the campaign for an independent state of Biafra in eastern Nigeria in the 1960s that included a two-and-a-half year civil war between 1967 and 1970, which left more than a million dead.
He remains a revered figure in eastern Nigeria, where the Igbo people dominate. Ojukwu’s 1967 declaration of independence for Biafra came largely in response to the killing of large numbers of Igbos in the country’s north.
Control of the country’s vast oil resources also played an important role in the war. Many of those killed died from starvation and disease, with a blockade having led to food shortages.
Ojukwu went into exile after the Biafrans surrendered in 1970 and only returned more than a decade later.
“The war was a tragedy, but it was inevitable, unavoidable,” he said in an interview in the book My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence by journalist Peter Cunliffe-Jones.
Ojukwu was the son of a multimillionaire who received a private school education in England and rose through the ranks of the Nigerian military. He was made military governor for eastern Nigeria in 1966 in the midst of events that led to the civil war.
A coup bid by Igbo soldiers in 1966 that eventually failed set the events in motion in the country, which had gained independence from the UK only six years earlier.
The coup had ousted and killed Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, who was from the mainly Muslim north.
Though the coup was unsuccessful, the military government that took charge was also led by an Igbo, Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, further feeding anger in the north.
Widespread killings of Igbos were carried out in the north, causing the Igbo population to flee and return to the east. A northern counter-coup occurred in July 1966, with Ironsi killed.
Ethnic divisions in Nigeria, roughly divided between a mainly Muslim north and predominately Christian south, came strongly into focus, with Hausas dominating the north, Yorubas in the southwest and Igbos in the east.
Talks aimed at holding the country together took place, but the situation began to spiral out of control, with Igbos alleging genocide. Ojukwu declared the independence of the Republic of Biafra in May 1967.
The name Biafra was taken from the Bight of Biafra, the bay off Nigeria’s coast. Britain would support the Nigerian government, while France would back the Biafrans.
The Biafrans managed to gain significant territory despite being overmatched, but the Nigerian military fought back and eventually proved too much. It turned into a brutal conflict — on both sides — and television images of starving children in the east remain seared into the minds of many.
Ojukwu was pardoned in 1982 and found his way back to the country’s east.
Asked whether the war should have ended two years earlier than it had, Ojukwu had said “no, of course not.”
“How many people in world history, in Western civilization, have surrendered just because they were hungry?” he said in the interview in My Nigeria. “You fight on as long as you can. We fought proudly for as long as we could.”
He added that “it was clear from the massacres we faced genocide.”
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