A daring Russian mission to fly an unmanned probe to Phobos, a moon of Mars, and fly samples of its soil back to Earth was derailed right after its launch by equipment failure.
The Phobos-Grunt (“Phobos-Soil”) craft was successfully launched by a Zenit-2 booster rocket at 12:16am yesterday from the Russian-leased Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It separated from the booster about 11 minutes later and was to fire its engines twice to set out on its path to the Red Planet, but it never did.
Russian Federal Space Agency chief Vladimir Popovkin said neither of the two ignitions worked, probably because of the failure of the craft’s orientation system. He said in televised remarks that space -engineers have three days to reset the craft’s computer program to make it work before its batteries die.
James Oberg, a NASA veteran who now works as a space consultant, said that it’s still possible to regain control over the probe.
“With several days of battery power, and with the probe’s orbit slowly twisting out of the optimal alignment with the desired path towards Mars, the race is on to regain control, diagnose the potential computer code flaws, and send up emergency rocket engine control commands,” Oberg said in an e-mail to reporters. “Depending on the actual root of the failure, this is not an impossible challenge.”
He said, however, that the effort to restore control over the probe is hampered by a limited Earth-to-space communications network that forced Russian flight controllers to ask the general public in South America to help locate the craft.
The mishap is the latest in a series of recent launch failures that have raised concerns about the condition of the nation’s space industries. The Russian space agency said it would establish its own quality inspection teams at rocket factories to tighten oversight over production quality.
The US$170 million Phobos-Grunt would have been Russia’s first interplanetary mission since Soviet times. A previous 1996 robotic mission to Mars also ended in failure when the probe crashed shortly after the launch because of an engine failure. Russia said the probe fell into the Pacific, but it was observed descending over the Chile-Bolivia border in the Andes Mountains, a path confirmed by tracking by the Pentagon’s NORAD in Colorado Springs.
The Phobos-Grunt was originally set to blast off in October 2009, but its launch was postponed because the craft wasn’t ready.
The 13.2-tonne craft is the heaviest interplanetary probe ever, with fuel accounting for most of its weight. It was manufactured by the Moscow-based NPO Lavochkin that has specialized in interplanetary vehicles since the dawn of the space era.
The company designed the craft for the failed 1996 launch. Earlier, two of its probes sent to Phobos in 1988 also failed. One was lost a few months after the launch because of an operator’s mistake, and contact was lost with its twin when it was orbiting Mars.
If space experts manage to fix the craft, it will reach Mars orbit in September and the landing on Phobos will happen in February 2013. The return vehicle is expected to carry up to 200g of soil from Phobos back to Earth in August 2014.
The challenges for the Phobos-Grunt were daunting, making it arguably the most challenging unmanned interplanetary mission ever. It would require a long series of precision maneuvering for the probe to reach the potato-shaped moon, land on its surface, scrape it for samples and fly back.
Scientists hoped that studies of the Phobos soil could help solve the mystery of its origin and shed more light on the genesis of the solar system. Some believe that the crater-dented moon is an asteroid captured by Mars’ gravity, while others think it’s a piece of debris resulting from Mars’ collision with another celestial object.
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