Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist who championed individual freedom, influenced the economic policies of three US presidents and befriended world leaders, has died at age 94.
Friedman died on Thursday in San Francisco, said Robert Fanger, a spokesman for the Milton and Rose D. Friedman Foundation in Indianapolis. He did not know the cause of death.
"America has lost one of its greatest citizens," President George W. Bush said in a statement. "Milton Friedman was a revolutionary thinker and extraordinary economist whose work helped advance human dignity and human freedom."
Prolific
In numerous books, a Newsweek magazine column and a PBS show, Friedman championed individual freedom in economics and politics. The longtime University of Chicago professor pioneered a school of thought that became known as the Chicago school of economics. His work is still widely influential in the business world, academia and politics.
"Milton Friedman revived the economics of liberty when it had been all but forgotten," said former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, one of the politicians and colleagues who lauded Friedman on Thursday.
"He was an intellectual freedom fighter. Never was there a less dismal practitioner of a dismal science," she said.
Friedman's theory of monetarism was adopted in part by the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan. It opposed the traditional Keynesian economics that had dominated US policy since the New Deal. He was a member of Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board.
His work in consumption analysis, monetary history and stabilization policy earned him the Nobel Prize in economics in 1976.
"He has used a brilliant mind to advance a moral vision -- the vision of a society where men and women are free, free to choose, but where government is not as free to override their decisions," President George W. Bush said in 2002. "That vision has changed America, and it is changing the world."
Friedman favored a policy of steady, moderate growth in the money supply, opposed wage and price controls and criticized the Federal Reserve when it tried to fine-tune the economy.
Adam Smith disciple
A believer in the principles of 18th century economist Adam Smith, he consistently argued that individual freedom should rule economic policy. Friedman saw his theories attacked by many traditional economists such as Harvard's John Kenneth Galbraith.
"He, more than any other person, has changed the composition and ideology of the economists' profession," said Paul Samuelson, a 91-year-old professor emeritus of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was a contemporary liberal foil to Friedman's conservatism.
In an essay titled "Is Capitalism Humane?" Friedman said that "a set of social institutions that stresses individual responsibility, that treats the individual ... as responsible for and to himself, will lead to a higher and more desirable moral climate."
Friedman argued that government should allow the free market to operate to solve inflation and other problems.
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