Crocodiles have never had a friendly reputation, but they may just have become even scarier. Veterinary scientists have discovered that a surprising number of species are capable of galloping when they reach their top speeds.
Previously it was thought that only a couple of crocodile species were able to use this horse-like gait, but the latest observations show that the ability extends to eight different species. Alligators and caimans, by contrast, can manage only a trot.
Since the gait is shared across many species, the researchers believe galloping may have first emerged in crocodiles’ ancient land-dwelling ancestors, called crocodylomorphs, which were cat-sized creatures with long legs.
Photo: AP
照片：美聯社
John Hutchinson, a specialist in evolutionary biomechanics at the Royal Veterinary College, London, who led the study, said a surprising finding was that despite the different gaits and sizes, almost all the species studied had a top speed of about 18km per hour. “We suspect that bounding and galloping give small crocodiles better acceleration and maneuverability, especially useful for escaping from danger,” he said. “It seems like alligators and caimans stand their ground rather than run away with an extreme gait.”
The researchers found that bigger crocodiles were less likely to gallop, the largest galloping species being a Cuban crocodile, typically measuring more than 2m long. “That’s as big as crocs can get and still bound and gallop,” said Hutchinson. “The Cuban crocs are incredibly active on land and incredibly athletic. This species is notorious for being really aggressive.”
Other, smaller species, were more likely to gallop into the water to escape rather than to chase prey. Hutchinson said galloping appears to have emerged multiple times in evolution in different species, as an energetically efficient way to get around. Some toads and spiders gallop, he said.
The scientists carried out the study at St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park in Florida, US, where they recorded videos of 42 individuals from 15 species. The creatures were placed at the end of a runway and coaxed to run to the other end. “Every animal it took a different motivation,” said Hutchinson. “Some of them wouldn’t go at all. The caimans and alligators tended to just sit there and hiss and fight.” The findings are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
(The Guardian)
鱷魚從來不曾被人認為友善，不過它們可能比你想像的還要可怕。獸醫科學家近日發現，當鱷魚達到最快速度時，能夠像馬一樣奔馳的種類多到驚人。
人們之前以為，只有少數幾種鱷魚擁有這種像馬般奔馳的步態，然而最新的觀察結果顯示，這種能力出現在多達八種鱷魚身上。相較之下，短吻鱷和凱門鱷頂多只能小跑步。
正因為這種步態同時出現在許多鱷魚種類中，研究人員遂推論「奔馳」的技能可能最初來自於鱷魚的古老陸棲祖先「鱷形超目」。鱷形超目底下的物種大小像貓，且四肢細長。
倫敦皇家獸醫學院的演化生物力學專家約翰‧哈欽森是這篇研究的主持人。他表示，讓人驚訝的發現在於，儘管步伐和體型大小互有差異，但幾乎所有被研究的鱷魚種類最快時速都能達到將近十八公里。哈欽森教授說：「我們猜想，跳躍和奔馳的動作給予小型鱷魚更好的加速能力和機動性，對於逃離危險特別有用。」他補充指出：「看起來短吻鱷和凱門鱷比較傾向於堅守原處，而不是一溜煙地飛快逃跑。」
研究人員發現，較大型的鱷魚比較不太可能奔馳，而在會奔跑的鱷魚種類中，體型最大的是古巴鱷，體長通常超過兩公尺。哈欽森說：「那也就是還能跳能跑的鱷魚可以長到的最大尺寸了。」他補充說：「古巴鱷在陸地上的活躍程度讓人難以置信，而且行動敏捷到有點誇張。這種鱷魚攻擊性很強，因此惡名昭彰。」
其他較小的鱷魚種類比較可能會一路奔馳到水裡逃命，而不會死命追趕獵物。哈欽森指出，奔馳的行為似乎在演化史中多次出現於不同物種身上，是一種能量上較有效率的逃跑方式。他表示，有些種類的蟾蜍和蜘蛛也會奔馳。
科學家在美國佛羅里達州的聖奧古斯丁鱷魚農場動物園進行這項研究，他們對十五種鱷魚，共四十二隻個體進行錄影。研究人員將這些動物放在一條跑道的末端，然後哄騙它們跑向另一端。哈欽森指出：「每一隻個體都需要不同的動機。」他表示：「有些鱷魚就是完全不想走。凱門鱷和短吻鱷則比較傾向於坐在原地發出嘶嘶聲互相挑釁，然後打成一團。」這項研究發表於期刊《科學報告》。
(台北時報章厚明譯)
In an effort to fight phone scams, British mobile phone company O2 has introduced Daisy, an AI designed to engage phone con artists in time-wasting conversations. Daisy is portrayed as a kindly British granny, exploiting scammers’ tendency to target the elderly. Her voice, based on a real grandmother’s for authenticity, adds to her credibility in the role. “O2” has distributed several dedicated phone numbers online to direct scammers to Daisy instead of actual customers. When Daisy receives a call, she translates the scammers’ spoken words into text and then responds to them accordingly through a text-to-speech system. Remarkably, Daisy
A: This year’s Met Gala, the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s fundraiser, is coming on the first Monday of May. B: The event, featuring a lineup of stars, is often praised as fashion’s Oscars. A: Some Asian stars, like Taiwanese pop diva Jolin Tsai, have also attended in the past. B: What are the theme and dress code this time? A: This year’s theme is “Superfine: Tailoring Black Style.” It’s the first time since 2003 that the theme is focusing on menswear. The dress code is “Tailored for You.” A: 哇今年的大都會博物館慈善晚宴「Met Gala」，即將在5月第一個星期一登場。 B: 這可是被譽為「時尚奧斯卡」的年度盛事，許多巨星都會參加耶。 A:
A: Isn’t the Met Gala, the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s fundraiser, chaired by Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour? B: Yeah, the blockbuster “The Devil Wears Prada” is allegedly based on her story. A: This year’s four co-chairs are actor Colman Domingo, F1 driver Lewis Hamilton, rapper A$AP Rocky and Louis Vuitton men’s creative director Pharrell Williams. B: And basketball superstar LeBron James is the honorary chair. A: I can’t wait to see the lineup of stars on the red carpet. A: 大都會博物館慈善晚宴「Met Gala」，是《時尚》雜誌全球總監安娜溫圖為該館服裝學院主辦的募款活動吧？ B: 對啊，電影《穿著普拉達的惡魔》據說是以她為範本。 A: 今年晚宴共同主席還有：演員柯爾曼多明哥、F1賽車手路易斯漢米頓、饒舌歌手A$AP洛基、LV男裝創意總監菲董。 B: 籃球巨星勒布朗詹姆斯則是榮譽主席。 A: 紅毯上的全球星光真令人期待！ （By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times／台北時報張迪）
1. 他走出門，左右看一下，就過了馬路。 ˇ He walked outside, looked left and right, and crossed the road. χ He walked outside and looked left and right, crossed the road. 註︰並列連接詞 and 在這句中連接三個述語。一般的結構是 x, y, and z。x and y and z 是加強語氣的結構，x and y, z 則不可以。 2. 他們知道自己的弱點以及如何趕上其他競爭者。 ˇ They saw where their weak points lay and how they could catch up with the other competitors. χ They saw where their weak points lay and how to catch up with the other competitors. 註：and 一般連接同等成分，結構相等的單詞、片語或子句。誤句中 and 的前面是子句，後面是不定詞片語，不能用 and 連接，必須把不定詞片語改為子句，and 前後的結構才相等。 3. 她坐上計程車，直接到機場。 ˇ She took a cab, which took her straight to the airport. ˇ She took a cab and it took her straight
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