If French agents who blew up the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbor 20 years ago were trying to sink the Greenpeace movement along with its protest ship, they couldn't have done a worse job.
Instead of scuttling the environmental group in what New Zealand considers its only terrorist attack, the French strike gave Greenpeace a rallying point and a sharper focus.
"It was the end of our youthful, exuberant innocence," Steve Sawyer, leader of the Rainbow Warrior's anti-nuclear protests 20 years ago, told reporters in an interview ahead of today's anniversary of the blast on July 10, 1985.
"We suddenly became very, very deadly serious," he said, because "democratic governments were willing to kill us."
In the years since, the organization formed in 1971 has grown into an environmental powerhouse with 2.8 million supporters worldwide.
The blast, which killed a Greenpeace photographer, Dutchman Fernando Pereira, gave the group "an aura of credibility and respectability we hadn't had previously. We were in the center of some pretty big politics ... [with] a lot more access," Sawyer added.
mines planted
As Greenpeace commemorates the attack, the group remains angry over the French operation. Today, the sunken ship's replacement, Rainbow Warrior II, will visit New Zealand's Matauri Bay, where the original Rainbow Warrior was scuttled after being refloated during an investigation. Divers will lay a marble sculpture of a dove with an olive branch on the sea bed near the sunken vessel.
In July 1985, two mines planted by French secret service frogmen tore apart Rainbow Warrior's hull as the ship was readying to sail to France's South Pacific nuclear test site at Mururoa Atoll as part of a campaign for a "Nuclear Free Pacific."
The first device tore a hole big enough "to drive a Volkswagen through" said the vessel's skipper, Pete Willcox.
Willcox, then 32, was asleep in his bunk when the ship shuddered under the first blast and water gushed into its engine room. Pereira ran below to grab some of his camera gear while Willcox was checking whether people had escaped from their cabins. Then a second high-powered mine detonated "right under us ... on the propeller shaft," Willcox said, adding that the blast "trapped Fernando Pereira in his cabin and drowned him."
Police divers confirmed the blasts were sabotage. Within two days, the "finger was pointing at France ... but we didn't believe it at first," said Alan Galbraith, the retired detective who headed the investigation. The evidence became overwhelming: diving tanks with French markings; a French yacht which delivered the explosives and saboteurs; seized computer phone logs with direct dial numbers to the French secret service in Paris.
agents arrested
Two of nine French agents who entered New Zealand were arrested within days. Instead of fleeing the country, agents Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur were waiting for a refund due for returning a rented van early.
"To our surprise they were still waiting for their check refund" when detectives tracking the vehicle walked into the rental office, said Maurice Whitham, one of the investigators.
Said Galbraith: "It wasn't the best spy technique -- receipts were kept. It was a significant paper trail" for detectives to follow.
New Zealand branded the attack "an act of state-sponsored terrorism" and after years of open hostility with France it won a multimillion dollar reparations payment and what Greenpeace has called an "unconvincing apology." Pierre Lacoste, who headed France's counter-espionage agency at the time, said in an interview last week with the New Zealand Herald that the drowning of photographer Pereira was an accident that weighed heavily on his conscience.
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