Mon, Dec 08, 2003 page6

• Forensics teams in Iraq dig for the truth

  KILLING FIELDS Witness accounts indicate that thousands died at the hands of the Baath Party. Now forensics experts are looking to preserve the evidence

  • AP
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  The killers kept bankers' hours.

  They showed up for work at the barley field at 9am, trailed by backhoes and three buses filled with blindfolded men, women and children as young as 1.

  

  Nablus Hamid Ode holds up a picture from 1990 of herself and her husband, Ali Mohammed Jawad Abdul Hussein, outside their house in Mahaweel, 80km south of Baghdad, on Nov. 28. Abdul Hussein was arrested in March 1991 by Baath party members and his remains were found this April outside his village in one of Iraqi's biggest mass graves.

  PHOTO: AP

  Every day, witnesses say, the routine was the same: The backhoes dug a trench. Fifty people were led to the edge of the hole and shot, one by one, in the head. The backhoes covered them with dirt, then dug another hole for the next group.

  At 5pm, the killers -- officials of Saddam Hussein's Baath Party -- went home to rest up for another day of slaughter.

  In this wind-swept field in the central town of Mahaweel, witnesses say, this went on without a break for 35 days in March and April of 1991, during a crackdown on a Shiite Muslim uprising that followed the first Gulf War.

  "I watched this with my own eyes," said Sayed Abbas Muhsen, 35, whose family farm was appropriated by Saddam's government for use as a killing field. "But we couldn't tell anyone. We didn't dare."

  The mass grave at Mahaweel, with more than 3,100 sets of remains, is the largest of some 270 such sites across Iraq. They hold upward of 300,000 bodies; some Iraqi political parties estimate there are more than 1 million.

  "It's as easy to find mass graves in Iraq as it once was to find oil," said Adnan Jabbar al-Saadi, a lawyer with Iraq's new Human Rights Ministry.

  In the days following Saddam's fall on April 9, family members rushed to grave sites, digging for ID cards and clothing that confirmed their worst fears: The bones in the ground belonged to a son, a wife, a grandfather.

  The US-led occupation authority desperately tried to halt the digging, telling people that if they waited, forensic teams would unearth the remains and use the evidence to punish those responsible.

  Now, an Associated Press investigation has discovered, forensic teams will begin digging in January to preserve the first physical evidence at four grave sites, their desert locations kept secret to prevent relatives from disturbing them first.

  Grave database

  In a tiny back room of the deposed Iraqi president's sprawling brick-and-marble Republican Palace in Baghdad, American and British experts are using the latest technology to reach out to the dead.

  They work from a growing database of 270 suspected grave sites, matching witness accounts with geological evidence, preparing for field trips by four-wheel-drive vehicle and helicopter to confirm their high-tech data with the most low-tech of methods: a shovel.

  "This is not a case of `X marks the spot,'" said archaeologist Barrie Simpson. "It's not like driving down Route 66 with signposts that say, `Stop here.'"

  Gypsum is one key tool. The Iraqi desert has a hard crust 30cm below the surface, which is broken when a hole is dug. Minerals then mix to form gypsum, a kind of salt whose glistening white crystals are visible decades later from a satellite or from the ground.

  Imagery in six spectral bands comes from a commercial satellite in orbit since 1983, which can take images of any spot on Earth every 16 days. The classified computers -- which the experts switch off before a reporter enters the room -- hold two decades of imagery.

  If witnesses report a mass grave was dug in a certain desert location, say, in March 1991, Burch can analyze data from images taken in February 1991 and June 1991, and determine whether a pit was dug in that area during that time period.

  "We don't care what it looks like," said geoscientist Bruce Gerrick. "When our pixels come back and say it's gypsum, that's it."

  After seven months of work, the team has confirmed 41 mass graves across the length and breadth of Iraq -- a country the size of France -- some near major cities, and others kilometers from the nearest road.

  They have a long way to go.

  Excavating a grave site under international standards is painstaking work. To pull 100 sets of remains from the ground, it usually takes six to eight weeks.

  Nobody expects scientists to dig up and identify 300,000 sets of remains. So as the scientists analyze the desert, experts are trying to identify which graves could help prosecutors build a case against those responsible for their creation.

  "We're trying to make sure that there is at least one grave, and hopefully two or three, for each major period of atrocity," said Sandra Hodgkinson, director of the occupation authority's human rights office. That would mean eight to 24 mass graves selected for full exhumation.

  Of the 41 mass grave sites confirmed by the coalition team, only four meet the criteria for full exhumation so far, several members of the scientific team said. All are in the remote desert, none closer than 16km from the nearest road.

  Forensic teams were supposed to have been in place months ago, but several canceled or delayed their trips out of fear for their safety. Hodgkinson said several are ready to begin work late next month.

  The locations of the first four graves selected remain classified. Experts fear that if people know where they are, family members -- or even the killers -- might try to dig them up.

  identification

  Meanwhile, Iraqis will unearth graves with an eye toward identification. Entifadh Qanbar, spokesman for the Iraqi National Congress, a major political party, said that will help Iraqis move on from three decades of brutal dictatorship -- at least as important as seeing justice served.

  "Those people who lost family members need to know where their sons and fathers are, and to rebury them with dignity," he said. "That will bring a lot of peace and comfort to the victims' families and start a process of reconciliation."

  Iraq's US-appointed rulers have drafted a plan to set up a special tribunal for crimes against humanity.

  According to four people who have seen the draft -- expected to be approved as soon as Sunday -- it calls for Iraqi judges to hear cases from Iraqi prosecutors. International experts will participate as advisers.

  Some human rights groups are uncomfortable with the plan, fearful that Iraqis won't have the expertise, or that they will sacrifice justice in their thirst for revenge. Some also say the US-led government forced the plan on Iraqis.

  But many Iraqis like the idea. They see an Iraqi-led process -- no matter how it comes about -- as more satisfying.

  "I think it's very important for people to see the criminals who killed their families in court," said al-Saadi at the Human Rights Ministry.

  US authorities are pushing for a small number of high-profile trials -- maybe 100 or so, including Saddam and other key leaders. Many Iraqis want to try thousands with links to the former regime.

  "I think those highly responsible should face the courts," said al-Husseini, the doctor. "For the people who followed their orders, we need forgiveness in Iraq."

  Villagers dug furiously in Mahaweel in April, carting away more than 2,200 sets of remains. For those they couldn't identify, they dug individual, unmarked graves, and piled the belongings found with them atop the mounds.

  In Mahaweel today, 900 mounds sit topped with shreds of clothing. On one is a pair of child-sized high-tops. On another, a blood-spattered green jacket. A wallet. A string of black prayer beads.

  "It's over," said Atlas Hamid Ode, whose brother-in-law was buried there. "People don't go there anymore. They have lost all hope of finding their sons. These graves, without names, will remain as shrines."
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