The massive constellation of satellites operated by SpaceX, while still growing, will soon be joined in low Earth orbit (LEO) by many more commercial competitors, but also programs sponsored by governments.
When firms floated the idea of expanding access to high-speed Internet through satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, analysts expected only two or three companies would succeed.
However, “the number of players keeps growing,” Caleb Henry, research director at Quilty Analytics, told reporters at the annual SATELLITE conference in Washington.
There are now at least eight companies vying to launch or complete their LEO constellations, including early entrants SpaceX and OneWeb, which could see a ballooning number of objects in orbit, Henry said.
Amazon alone hopes to launch more than 3,200 satellites as part of its stealthy Kuiper project.
However, governments are also keen to join the rush.
China plans to launch 13,000 satellites as part of its GuoWang constellation, while Canada’s Telesat plans 300 and German start-up Rivada is eyeing 600.
That would be in addition to the EU’s Iris project — 170 satellites — and the 300 to 500 satellites planned to be launched by the US military’s Space Development Agency.
When it comes to the satellite constellation game, “people underestimated how sovereign interests would get involved,” Henry said.
While about 120 satellites were launched in all of 2012, in just the first two months of this year, almost 380 were put into orbit.
The total number of LEO satellites should rise to about 24,500 over the next decade, with more than half of them for the three largest constellations, forecasts by Euroconsult showed.
Henry said that there is an open question over how the market would digest the added capacity.
Mark Dankberg, president of satellite communications firm Viasat — which operates in the much higher geostationary orbit — said he would be interested in entering the LEO market, but does not want big players in the space industry to crowd out competitors.
“We’re interested in LEO, the thing we’re concerned about is leaving enough competition in the market,” Dankberg said.
He also warned about the issue of sustainability. With so many objects in orbit, risks increase of collisions, spreading debris, and frequencies becoming overloaded.
The largest player by far in LEO is Elon Musk’s SpaceX, which has already launched nearly 3,600 satellites and in December last year received authorization to deploy 7,500 of its planned 30,000-satellite second-generation constellation.
The 1 million customers of SpaceX-operated Starlink is still second place to the lesser-known Hughes, also a US-based operator, but whose satellites, like Viasat’s, are much larger and fly in geostationary orbit.
Oneweb, the British operator in the process of being acquired by Eutelsat, completed its penultimate launch early this month and is expected to have completed its 650-satellite constellation by the end of the month.
The head of Amazon’s Kuiper project, Dave Limp, said that it would launch its first two prototypes in May and are “on schedule to have over half of our constellation up by mid-2026,” a requirement to keep its rights to certain frequencies.
However, when it comes to government-sponsored projects, such as the EU’s Iris, “commercial utility comes second,” Henry said.
“The idea is ... working together on defense,” he said of Iris.
He attributes the newfound momentum behind the project to the war in Ukraine, where Starlink has been used by Kyiv’s forces and civilians to stay connected despite strikes to the country’s telecommunications infrastructure.
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