Archeologists have unearthed the earliest direct evidence of people smoking marijuana from a 2,500-year-old graveyard in western China.
In a complex of lofty tombs in the Pamir Mountains — a region near the borders of China, Pakistan and Tajikistan — excavators found 10 wooden bowls and several stones containing burnt residue of the cannabis plant.
Scientists believe that heated stones were used to burn the marijuana and people then inhaled the smoke as part of a burial ritual.
Photo: AFP / Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archeology
“It’s the earliest strong evidence of people getting high” on marijuana, said Mark Merlin, a botanist at the University of Hawaii who was not involved in the research published on Wednesday in Science Advances.
The history of ancient drug use has long intrigued academics.
The Greek historian Herodotus wrote of people in Central Asia smoking cannabis in about 440 BC, while in the past century, archeologists have found cannabis seeds and plants buried in tombs across Central Asia’s highlands.
Today, academics do not consider ancient accounts trustworthy without corroborating evidence. Since the cannabis plant has other uses — seeds are pressed for oil and fibers used for cloth — the presence of seeds alone does not confirm drug use.
Using new techniques for chemical analysis, the study’s scientists examined the residue and found evidence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the compound that gives pot its high.
Most wild cannabis plants have low levels of THC, so the researchers believe the people who built the graves deliberately selected or cultivated plants with higher amounts.
“During funeral rites, the smokers may have hoped to communicate with the spirit world — or with the people they were burying,” said study coauthor Yang Yimin (楊益民) of the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
Excavation of the site, called Jirzankal Cemetery, began in 2013. The tomb complex also contained other objects the researchers believe were used in funeral rituals, including fragments of silk cloth and harps.
Dorian Fuller, an archeologist and botanist at University College London who was not involved in the study, called the findings “very exciting.”
“Some of the artifacts are from Central Asia and some from central China,” he said. “It reminds us that this region was very much at the crossroads of Asia at the time.”
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