China has released draft regulations on gene editing and other potentially risky biomedical technologies after a Chinese scientist’s claim of helping to create gene-edited babies roiled the global science community.
Under the proposed measures released on Tuesday, technology involving gene editing, gene transfer and gene regulation would be categorized as “high risk” and managed by the Chinese Ministry of Health.
The measures follow assertions in November last year from scientist He Jiankui (賀建奎) that he altered the DNA of twin girls born that month using a powerful new tool.
The technology, called CRISPR-cas9, makes it possible to operate on DNA to supply a needed gene or disable one that is causing problems.
The revelation that it might have been used to conceive children elicited widespread outcry over the procedure’s ethical implications.
Researchers said that He’s actions exposed the twins to unknown health risks, possibly including a higher susceptibility to viral illnesses.
Gene editing for reproductive purposes is effectively banned in the US and most of Europe.
In China, ministerial guidelines prohibit research on embryos that “violates ethical or moral principles.”
Ethical guidelines published in 2003 say that gene editing is permitted for research, but that the experimental embryo cannot be nurtured for more than 14 days.
He said that he edited the babies’ genes at conception in the hopes of making them resistant to the AIDS virus, as their father is HIV positive.
His lab was in Shenzhen and he recruited study participants through an AIDS advocacy group.
He said his goal was to rewrite DNA before birth to make some children immune to HIV during their lifetime.
China immediately halted He’s experiments after his announcement.
He also pursued international experts at Stanford and Rice universities, where he had done graduate studies work, and elsewhere, seeking advice before and during the experiment.
In an interview with the Associated Press the month before his project was publicized, the 34-year-old scientist said he believed gene editing of human embryos resulting in live births was legal in China because the nation has no law specifically forbidding it.
Xinhua news agency last month reported that He had breached national guidelines and would be punished for any legal violations.
It did not indicate which laws He might have violated, but said that he had fabricated an ethical review.
Along with the birth of the twins, another embryo yet to be born reportedly resulted from He’s experiment.
All three were to remain under medical observation with regular visits supervised by government health departments, Xinhua reported.
Late last year, the Chinese Ministry of Education sent notices to universities requiring self-checks on research related to gene editing.
In an e-mail, it said that it called on educational institutions to strengthen management of scientific research ethics and inspect research involving gene-editing technology.
Kee Kehkooi (紀家葵), a researcher at Tsinghua University in Beijing who conducts gene editing on stem cells, said that the volume of paperwork he must now fill out has increased as a result of being subject to more checks.
“He [Jiankui] is an irresponsible scientist,” Kee said in December last year after the education ministry issued its notification. “I don’t even want to call him a scientist — he is an irresponsible man.”
While He’s work was widely condemned by his fellow scientists in China, it has had repercussions for others studying gene editing.
It has also become more difficult to get gene-editing research approved, Kee said.
“The industry will develop at a slower pace,” Kee said. “The government will be more cautious with research funds, and private organizations, such as charities and start-ups, will be less likely to invest.”
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