Thu, Jun 29, 2017 page7

• First floating wind farm taking shape off Scottish coast

  • The Guardian
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  The world’s first floating wind farm has taken to the seas in a sign that a technology once confined to research and development drawing boards is finally ready to unlock expanses of ocean for generating “renewable” energy.

  After two turbines were floated this week, five now bob gently in the deep waters of a fjord on the western coast of Norway ready to be tugged across the North Sea to their final destination off northeast Scotland.

  The ￡200 million (US$256.4 million) Hywind project is unusual, not just because of the pioneering technology involved, which uses a 78m-tall underwater ballast and three mooring lines that are to be attached to the seabed to keep the turbines upright.

  It is also notable because the developer is not a renewable energy firm, but Norway’s Statoil, which is looking to diversify away from carbon-based fuels.

  Irene Rummelhoff, head of the oil firm’s low-carbon division, said the technology opened up an enormous new resource of wind power.

  “It’s almost unlimited. Currently we are saying [floating wind farms will work in] water depths of between 100m and 700m, but I think we can go deeper than that. It opens up ocean that was unavailable,” she said.

  Offshore wind farms are springing up across the North Sea for a reason — its waters are uniquely shallow enough to allow turbines to be mounted atop steel poles fixed to the seabed.

  However, such fixed-bottom turbines can only be installed at depths of 40m, rendering them useless for the steeply shelved coastlines of the US west coast or Japan.

  “If you look at coastlines around the world, there’s few that have sufficient area at depths down to 40m, so if they want to deploy offshore wind, they need to introduce floating wind,” Rummelhoff said.

  As well as opening up new frontiers, such as the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, floating wind farms could be placed farther out to sea to avoid the sort of aesthetic objections that scuttled a ￡3.5 billion wind farm off England’s Dorset coast.

  While Hywind is a minnow among modern offshore wind projects — it is to power just 20,000 homes compared with the 800,000 by one being built off England’s Yorkshire coast — proponents have said floating turbines could eclipse fixed-bottom ones in the long run.

  “Looking to the next decades, there might be a point where floating is bigger than fixed-based,” said Stephan Barth of IEA Wind, an intergovernmental wind power body covering 21 countries.

  Bruno Geschier, chief marketing officer at Ideol, a French company hoping to build floating wind farms in Japan, France and elsewhere, said he expected floating farms to begin to take off in the next decade, “reaching cruising altitude in the mid-2020s and a big boom in 2030-2035.”

  The commercialization also means a chance for new countries to emerge as renewable energy leaders. Britain has the most offshore wind capacity in the world, with Germany not far behind, but France, which has none, wants to become a market leader.

  “Floating wind is an opportunity for France to step on to the podium,” Geschier said.

  For Statoil, the ambitions go well beyond Peterhead in Scotland, where Hywind is to be moored and providing power from October at the latest.

  Rummelhoff said floating wind farms are to come of age in the areas where conventional ones have been established, as countries such as Britain run out of suitable sites in shallower waters.

  However, Statoil is also talking with the governments of Hawaii and California about projects, and eyeing Japan and the pro-renewable energy government in Seoul.

  Like many new technologies, the biggest challenge will be cost. Behind the turbines at the deepwater port of Stord in Norway sits a huge lifting vessel usually used in the oil and gas industry. It is the second-biggest of its kind, very expensive to hire — and, for now, essential in the process of lifting the turbines off the quayside and floating them.

  The first-of-a-kind nature means supply chain complexity, too.

  “We have 15 main contractors. For the future we cannot have 15, we can have between five and 10,” Hywind project manager Leif Delp said.

  Statoil said floating wind would be the same cost as conventional offshore wind farms by 2030, while IEA Wind said the cost today was the same as fixed-bottom ones a decade ago.

  Experts have said a conventional offshore wind farm with the capacity of Hywind would be less than half the cost.

  A generous subsidy deal from the Scottish government made the project viable.

  “Technically, everything is possible. It’s just the price tag that comes with it,” Barth said.
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