The eyes of a visiting archaeologist lit up when he was shown the 10 tiny, rusty discs that had sat unnoticed in storage for two-and-a-half years at a dig on a southern Japanese island.
He had been to archaeological sites in Italy and Egypt, and recognized the “little round things” as old coins, including a few likely dating to the Roman Empire.
“I was so excited I almost forgot what I was there for, and the coins were all we talked about,” said Toshio Tsukamoto of the Gangoji Institute for Research of Cultural Property in Nara, an ancient capital near Kyoto.
Photo: AP / Uruma City Board of Education
The discovery, announced last month, is baffling. How did the coins, some dating to the third or fourth century, wind up half a world away in a medieval Japanese castle on the island of Okinawa?
Experts suspect they might have arrived centuries later via China or Southeast Asia, not as currency, but as decoration or treasure.
The 10 copper coins were unearthed in December 2013 at the 12th-15th century Katsuren Castle, a UNESCO World Heritage site, during an annual excavation for study and tourism promotion by the board of education in Uruma, a city in central Okinawa.
While the find has yet to be submitted for publication in an academic journal, an outside expert is convinced the coins are real.
“There is almost no mistake” about their authenticity, said Makiko Tsumura, a curator at the Ancient Orient Museum in Tokyo, although she allowed that they could also be counterfeit versions from about the same time.
Four of the coins are believed to be from the third to fourth-century Roman Empire, and a fifth one from the 17th-century Ottoman Empire. The remaining five are still being examined.
The coins, which are on display at the Uruma City Yonagusuku Historical Museum through Nov. 25, were dug up from about 1m underground in a layer believed to be from the 14th to 15th century.
“At first, we didn’t think they were coins. Those little round things, to us, seemed like armor parts,” said Masaki Yokoo, a city official in charge of the archeological project.
Barely distinguishable details emerged more clearly in X-ray analysis. One bears an image of fourth-century Roman Emperor Constantine I, and another shows a helmeted soldier holding a shield in one hand, while stabbing an enemy with a spear in the other.
The Ottoman coin is inscribed with the year equivalent to 1687, Yokoo said.
Tsumura said the X-ray analysis, photographs, size and weight match typical Roman and Ottoman coins, resembling those excavated in China, Indonesia or India — places that had trade with Okinawa.
Tsukamoto said the coins might have been intentionally planted as a pacifying ritual at the castle, which was abandoned in 1458, similar to armor, jewelry and other valuables buried in funeral rituals in Okinawa.
Further investigation, including analysis of the copper content and other artifacts found with the coins, might help identify the coins’ origin.
Researchers are also seeking an explanation for why coins from two distinct eras were found near each other, and how a 17th-century coin could have been in a layer believed to be 200 to 300 years older than that.
“There are still lots of unknowns,” Okinawa International University archeologist Hiroki Miyagi said. “Our findings this time are just the beginning.”
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