For the past few years, social media in China has been dominated by Sina Weibo, a microblogging service that created an online sphere of freewheeling public debate, incubating social change and at times even holding politicians accountable in a country where traditional media outlets are severely constrained.
However, in recent months, Weibo has been eclipsed by WeChat, which allows instant messaging within self-selected circles of followers.
The shift from public to semiprivate communication, accelerated by a government crackdown on Sina Weibo, has reordered the social media landscape for the country’s 600 million Internet users, curbing what had been modern China’s most open public forum.
“This is a new phase for social media in China,” said Hu Yong (胡泳), a journalism professor at Peking University. “It is the decline of the first large-scale forum for information in China and the rise of something more narrowly focused.”
WeChat has its advantages and its defenders. It is less censored than Weibo, and some users say it allows them to speak more freely, knowing that their conversations are private. Many users relish its added functions, including voice messaging.
In May, the Chinese government announced that WeChat would be more heavily monitored.
Saying that instant-messaging services were being used to spread “violence, terrorism and pornography,” the agency charged with policing the Internet said it would “firmly fight infiltration from hostile forces at home and abroad,” a government statement said.
In its heyday, Sina Weibo promised much more. It came to prominence in 2011 after a high-speed rail crash killed 40 people. Sina Weibo users detailed the mayhem and government shortcomings that led to the accident, part of a surge of criticism that prompted the resignation of the Chinese minister of railways.
It was a signal moment in the Internet’s coming of age in China, a reminder of how the medium could challenge even a formidable authoritarian government and one of its most powerful leaders.
Sina Weibo is still important. Boundary-pushing news and commentaries are still more easily found there than in the more tightly controlled world of government newspapers and magazines. It also remains popular for following celebrities and gossip.
It reported in March that it had 66 million daily users, up 37 percent from a year earlier.
However, central government figures show that the overall number of microblog users, including those using Sina Weibo and services from other providers, fell by 9 percent last year, with many migrating to WeChat.
That shift, along with a general decline in technology stocks, contributed to a disappointing New York stock market listing in April for Sina Weibo, which raised US$286 million, instead of the anticipated US$500 million.
“It’s far from what it used to be,” said He Weifang (賀衛方), a prominent lawyer and onetime heavy blogger on Sina Weibo with more than 1 million followers. “You can still find facts on [Sina] Weibo, or news reports, but the comments aren’t as interesting or deep.”
One reason is the government crackdown on the so-called Big V accounts — prominent commentators with verified accounts who often had millions of followers. After hundreds were detained, most stopped posting on Sina Weibo.
Others quit because of the sharp tone of commentary on Sina Weibo, which often devolved into nasty, ad hominem attacks. Some grew tired of the dizzying list of banned terms and the cat-and-mouse games with censors to evade them.
For example, “June 4,” the date of the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre, was banned, so creative minds came up with “May 35” (which works out to June 4), until that was also banned. Such wordplay amused hard-core users, but confused ordinary readers.
WeChat seized on the frustration. Its parent company, Tencent, claims 355 million monthly users. The company does reveal the number of daily users, making a direct comparison to Sina Weibo difficult.
However, few people disagree that WeChat is now more popular.
“June 4” is banned on WeChat too, but other terms routinely blocked on microblogs, such as the name of former Chinese head of security Zhou Yongkang (周永康), are allowed.
Most observers ascribe this leniency to the fact that WeChat messages have a limited readership.
More importantly, activists say, WeChat allows them to dig deeper into issues with like-minded people.
Veteran environmentalist Li Bo (李波) has used WeChat for more than two years to rally opposition to damaging infrastructure projects, such as a controversial plan to dam the Nu River.
Li is a participant in one WeChat group called Environmental Policy Advocacy that has more than 300 members, including, he said, open-minded government officials.
Although officials rarely participate, they see the traffic and occasionally invite members to their offices to chat about policies.
Some groups are smaller and narrower, such as one focused on a county in eastern China damaged by pollution.
Others are task-specific, such as small committees for various campaigns and projects.
These can be powerful, as long as they are not too political.
In late April, factory workers used WeChat to organize strikes against a Taiwanese firm that had failed to pay into a retirement fund. Around the same time, however, churchgoers trying to use WeChat to prevent their church from being torn down found that their circles were being used to track down opponents of the government’s action.
A broader problem for activists is that WeChat can become an echo chamber.
When a charity for coal miners was trying to raise US$500 this year to buy oxygen pumps for a miner dying of black lung disease, its initial appeal fell flat. On a hunch, an employee, Xue Yinhu, appealed to followers on WeChat and raised the money in an hour.
“These people know you better, so they’re more willing to support you,” he said. “But sometimes you’re talking only to the same people.”
WeChat also has built-in constraints that hobble its ability to replicate Sina Weibo’s public sphere.
WeChat allows public accounts that anyone can follow, but limits posts to one per day.
In addition, public accounts cannot be seen on cellphones, making it more difficult, for instance, to spread an incriminating photograph of a public official.
Comments are also deleted after a few days, making long-term discussions challenging and erasing a historical record.
The government also monitors these accounts and recently deleted some covering social news and politics.
Tencent declined to comment on how it decided which functions to offer users.
Still, WeChat remains a powerful tool for activists, even if Sina Weibo’s promise of an open online society has been frustrated.
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