The global Muslim community of 1.6 billion people agree on the core principles of their faith, but differ widely in religiosity and religious tolerance, according to a poll published yesterday.
“Muslims are unified by core beliefs and in core practices,” like faith in a single God, belief in the Prophet Mohammed and fasting during Ramadan, but “there are differences, sometimes widely,” in religious interpretation, said James Bell, the principal author of the new Pew Research Center study.
The report, which Bell said was “unprecedented” in its scope, was conducted in over 80 languages in 39 countries that account for 67 percent of the world’s Muslim population.
Photo: Reuters
Researchers interviewed around 38,000 people between 2008 and 2009 and then between last year and this year as part of a larger project on changes in global religions.
Between 85 and 100 percent of Muslims believe in God and revere the Prophet Mohammed, the survey said.
Eight out of 10 people interviewed in sub-Saharan Africa as well as in South and Southeast Asia said religion is “very important.”
However, only six in 10 agreed in sample countries of the Middle East and North Africa, and only one in two agreed in former Soviet countries like Russia and some Central Asian republics.
In the Middle East and North Africa, Muslims aged 35 and over are more religious than their younger counterparts. The opposite is true of religiosity in Russia.
In 39 countries surveyed, men are more likely than women to pray at a mosque, which Bell explained “is likely to do with social culture about how women publicly observe their worship.”
Still, “in most countries surveyed ... women are about as likely as men to read [or listen to readings from] the Koran on a daily basis,” the report said.
A median figure of 63 percent of Muslims in surveyed countries believe there is only one way to interpret Islam. Only 37 percent of US Muslims agreed with that statement.
In countries where Sunnis and Shiites live side by side in large numbers — such as Lebanon and Iraq — believers are more likely to accept the other sect.
Conversely, in predominantly Sunni Pakistan, 41 percent of Muslims believe Shiites are not true Muslims.
One-quarter of everyone surveyed “identify themselves neither as Sunni nor Shiite but as ‘just a Muslim.’”
Nine out of 10 Muslims interviewed were born into the religion.
Conversion rates are highest in former communist countries, with 7 percent of all converts in Russia. Many of the converts were raised in atheism.
“When it comes to conversion ... it is not playing a large role in expanding or growing the number of Muslims around the world,” Bell said.
Pew plans to publish another survey soon on Muslims’ social and political attitudes.
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