Women instinctively shun their fathers when they are most fertile, even as they seek out the companionship of their mothers, a new study has shown.
The reason, say the researchers, is evolution. Females in other species have also been observed to give a wide birth to male kin during periods of maximum fertility.
“The behavior has long been explained as a means of avoiding inbreeding and the negative consequences associated with it,” explained lead author Debra Lieberman, a professor at the University of Miami.
Photo: Reuters
照片：路透
“But until we conducted our study, nobody knew whether a similar pattern occurred in women.”
Lieberman and colleagues examined cell phone records of 48 women in their reproductive years, noting the date and duration of all calls with their fathers and, separately, their mothers over the course of a billing period.
They found that women called their dads less frequently during the days when they were ovulating, and would hang up sooner if the calls came the other way.
Overall, daughters were half as likely to ring up papa during high fertility days compared to the period of menstruation. What’s more, the conversations that did occur lasted about half as long.
The subjects weren’t simply trying to evade parental control: even when hormones were working overtime, the women were far more, rather than less, likely to give mom a ring.
“It makes sense that women would reduce their interactions with male genetic relatives, who are undesirable mates,” Lieberman said.
The study was published in the peer-reviewed journal Psychological Science.(AFP)
一項新研究顯示，即使女人在排卵時會追求母親的陪伴，下意識還是會避開父親。
研究人員表示，這種現象代表演化。據發現，其他物種的雌性體在生育性到達高點的期間，也與雄性家族成員保持距離。
主導這項研究的邁阿密大學教授黛博拉‧利博曼解釋道，「長久以來，這種行為獲解釋成為了避免進親繁殖，以及避開相關的負面後果的方式。」
「但是直到我們進行研究前，沒有人知道這種模式是否也發生在女人身上。」
利博曼與同事利用電話帳單來臨的一次週期，研究了四十八位已達生育年齡女性的行動電話紀錄，特別注意分別播打給父親跟母親的通話。
他們發現於排卵時，打給父親次數少於打給母親的，並且父親打來的話，也比較早掛電話。
整體而言，女兒在排卵那幾天比起月經來朝時，打給爸爸的機會少了一半。即使有通話，時間也比平常減半。
這不代表她們想避開父親的管教：即使赫爾蒙效用加長，女性打電話給媽媽的機會也減少了。
利博曼說，「女性想與相同基因的男性減少互動，這是說得通的，因為這些男性並非適合的伴侶。」
這項研究刊登於同儕審查的《心理科學》雜誌。
（法新社／翻譯：吳岱璟）
For many introverts, shy individuals and people with social anxiety, mingling at parties is often draining or arouses uncomfortable emotions. The internal debate about whether or not to attend large get-togethers can get especially intense during the holiday season, a time when many workplaces celebrate with cocktail hours, gift exchanges and other forms of organized fun. “Some people are just not party people,” City University of New York social work professor Laura MacLeod said. “With a workplace holiday party, there’s a pressure to be very happy and excited. It’s the end of the year, it’s the holidays, we’re all feeling grand.
Twelve dinner guests have just left your house, and now a tower of greasy plates stares back at you mockingly. Your hands are already wrinkling as you think about scrubbing each dish by hand. This nightmare bothered households for centuries until inventors in the 19th century tried to solve the problem. The first mechanical dishwashers, created in the 1850s, were wooden machines with hand cranks that splashed water over dishes. Unfortunately, these early devices were unreliable and often damaged delicate items. The real breakthrough came in the 1880s thanks to Josephine Cochrane, a wealthy American socialite. According to her own account,
A: Wow, US climber Alex Honnold has announced that he’s going to free-climb Taipei 101 on Jan. 24. And the challenge, titled “Skyscraper Live,” will be broadcast worldwide live on Netflix at 9am. B: Oh my goodness, Taipei 101 is the world’s tallest green building. Is he crazy? A: Honnold is actually the climber in the 2019 film “Free Solo” that won an Oscar for best documentary, and was directed by Taiwanese-American Jimmy Chin and his wife. He’s a legendary climber. B: Didn’t Alain Robert, “the French Spiderman,” also attempt to scale Taipei 101 in 2004? A: Yes, but
對話 Dialogue 清清：你看到小陳最近發的滑雪照了嗎？看起來真帥氣。 Qīngqing: Nǐ kàndào Xiǎo Chén zuìjìn fā de huáxuě zhào le ma? Kàn qǐlái zhēn shuàiqì. 華華：感覺滑雪很好玩。看了他的照片以後，我在想要不要去學滑雪。 Huáhua: Gǎnjué huáxuě hěn hǎowán. Kàn le tā de zhàopiàn yǐhòu, wǒ zài xiǎng yào bú yào qù xué huáxuě. 清清：我聽說報名滑雪教室的話，會有教練帶你練習。 Qīngqing: Wǒ tīngshuō bàomíng huáxuě jiàoshì de huà, huì yǒu jiàoliàn dài nǐ liànxí. 華華：可是我有點怕摔倒，而且裝備好像不便宜。 Huáhua: Kěshì wǒ yǒudiǎn pà shuāidǎo, érqiě huāngbèi hǎoxiàng bù piányí. 清清：剛開始一定會摔啊，不過可以先上初級課程，比較安全。 Qīngqing: Gāng kāishǐ yídìng huì shuāi a, búguò kěyǐ xiān shàng chūjí kèchéng, bǐjiào ānquán. 華華：說的也是。那你呢？你想不想一起去？ Huáhua: Shuō de yěshì. Nà nǐ ne? Nǐ xiǎng bù xiǎng yìqǐ qù? 清清：我想加一！我們可以先找找看哪裡有教練和適合初學者的課程。 Qīngqing: Wǒ xiǎng jiā yī! Wǒmen kěyǐ xiān zhǎo zhǎo kàn nǎlǐ yǒu jiàoliàn hàn shìhé
RSS