Iraq's postwar reconstruction received a boost as nations from Japan to Saudi Arabia pledged US$13 billion in new aid on top of more than US$20 billion from the US.
But the figure fell well short of the estimated US$56 billion it would cost to rebuild the country to pre-1991 Gulf War conditions, and much came in the form of loans that could saddle Iraq with new debts.
US Secretary of State Colin Powell and US Treasury Secretary John Snow promised on Friday to immediately campaign to convert the loans into outright grants.
"The United States will work with other nations to get the level down," Snow said at a news conference, while Powell acknowledged the contributions were solicited so arduously it was not clear how many were in loans and how many grants.
Iraq already has a debt of US$120 billion, with annual servicing charges of US$7 billion to US$8 billion. The Bush administration, mindful of the burden, planned all US aid to be in grant form, but US Congress is still weighing that approach. Some US lawmakers favor loans based on the prospect that Iraq will be oil-rich in a few years and able to pay its debts with oil revenue.
After the conference closed, Spanish Finance Minister Rodrigo Rato said it raised US$33 billion in pledges, including the American money, a figure that did not include export credits, technical assistance or other non-cash aid.
EU official Chris Patten noted that past fund-raisers have experienced long delays in making good on pledges.
"We need to get the money out of the banks and into Iraq as soon as possible," he said.
The pledges were drawn from Asia and, far less so, from Europe. Japan offered the second-biggest pledge: US$1.5 billion in grants for next year and US$3.5 billion in loans for 2005 to 2007.
Saudi Arabia pledged US$1 billion. The richest country in the Arab world said half would be in loans through 2007 and the rest would be in export credits.
However, the kingdom also hinted at supporting a US push to relieve some of Iraq's debt. Prince Saud Al-Faisal, the foreign minister, said Saudi Arabia was ready to reduce some of the US$24 billion it was owed by Iraq, but he did not give specifics.
In an interview with European newspapers published on Friday, Powell expressed regret that France and Germany weren't pledging new aid. The two leading opponents of the US-led war in Iraq are holding back to show their disapproval of the US blueprint for restoring Iraqi sovereignty.
Some of the pledges were unusual. Vietnam offered rice to Iraq, and Sri Lanka gave tea.
China pledged US$24.2 million. Poorer countries chipped in too, like Slovakia with US$290,000. Bulgaria and Egypt offered technical assistance but no money.
Iran, which fought Iraq from 1980 to 1988 in a war that claimed 1 million lives, said it would let Iraq export oil through Iranian ports and supply its neighbor with electricity and gas.
Ayad Allawi, interim Iraqi president, called the donors conference "a historic occasion for my country, which a little over six months ago was the black sheep of the international community."
"Today, I am again proud to be an Iraqi," he told reporters. "The pledges made today will help us get back on our feet."
Much of the US$13 billion came from international lending institutions: US$4 billion from the International Monetary Fund and US$3 billion from the World Bank. While the bank might provide up to US$5 billion, the lower figure was used in the calculations.
The bank had estimated Iraq would need about US$55 billion in the next four years, far above what the conference raised in pledges.
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