Tue, Jul 25, 2023 page9

• Food sovereignty increases food security

  After years of flooding African markets with ‘cheap foods’ from abroad, the systematic neglect of local producers has created a vicious cycle for smallholder agriculture

  • By Kevin Watkins
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  If you are looking for an argument in West Africa, try asking which country serves the best jollof. While Senegalese can claim to have invented the popular rice-based dish, Nigerians, Ghanaians and others across the region would fiercely defend their own recipes as the tastiest. One thing is not in dispute: Much of the rice now used in jollof is grown not by West African farmers, but by those in India, Thailand and Vietnam.

  Rice has been cultivated in Africa for more than 3,000 years, and it is now grown by more than 35 million farmers in 40 countries across the region. After maize, it is Africa’s most important food staple. Yet Asian rice accounts for more than 40 percent of consumption in the region, making Africa the world’s largest import market for the grain.

  Although the Senegal River Valley was one of the world’s earliest rice centers, Senegalese farmers now struggle to compete in the country’s urban centers against imports from India.

  

  Illustration: Yusha

  This development is symptomatic of a wider loss of food self-reliance in Africa, owing to population growth, urbanization and an expanding middle class’ increased demand for food. While smallholder farming and rural livelihoods still account for more than half of employment on the continent, African farmers have been pushed out of local markets, and the region’s overall food import bill has risen from US$7.9 billion from 1993 to 1995 to US$43.6 billion from 2018 to 2020.

  No region faces a more severe food-security crisis. One in five Africans — about 260 million people, most of them in rural areas — are going hungry. Progress toward the UN’s goal of achieving “zero hunger” by 2030 stalled in 2014 and, following supply-chain disruptions triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, has gone into reverse. Sharply rising food import bills are amplifying inflation in a region where food accounts for more than 40 percent of the average consumption basket. Millions of people are being pushed into poverty.

  Just as COVID-19 underscored Africa’s urgent need for greater vaccine self-reliance, the war in Ukraine has exposed the vulnerability that comes with dependence on food imports. That vulnerability is the product of a failed development model. Successive generations of political leaders have paid lip service to food self-reliance, while opening the flood gates for imports of “cheap foods,” many of which are heavily subsidized and considered integral to industrialization.

  The systematic neglect of smallholder agriculture has created a vicious cycle, weakening urban-rural linkages, trapping farmers in poverty and leaving urban populations dependent on volatile world markets.

  Building a self-reliant food system capable of providing healthy, affordable diets to all would take nothing less than a transformation of agriculture. Current yields are too low to meet the region’s growing demand for food or to support more resilient rural livelihoods. In Bangladesh, a hectare of farmland produces an average of five tonnes of rice per harvest, which is more than double the level in Nigeria. Similarly, yields for maize — the main food staple in eastern and southern Africa — are less than half the average for Southeast Asia. Moreover, the yield gap between Africa and Asia has widened over the past 20 years.

  Climate change is compounding the problem. We are already witnessing more protracted and intense droughts, less predictable rainfall, floods and the climate-related spread of pests, such as the plague of desert locusts that devastated crops in eastern Africa in 2019. Dependence on rain-fed farming systems is a risk multiplier for Africa. Modeling reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change points to potential yield losses in the range of 10 to 30 percent for food staples such as maize, sorghum and millet.

  Many of the policies and technologies needed to close Africa’s yield gap and address climate threats are well-known. CGIAR, the world’s largest global agricultural research organization, has developed high-yield, climate-resilient and pest-resistant seeds tailored for agro-ecological conditions across Africa. More than 2 million smallholder farmers are already growing drought-resistant maize varieties, raising their yields by 20 to 30 percent.

  The Africa Rice Center has produced more than 80 new rice varieties. These include early maturing seeds that provide a source of food with higher protein content than standard varieties in the preharvest hunger period. Yields are comparable to those in Asia. Evaluations find that farmers — many of them women — adopting these seeds are, in some cases, doubling their income. In Senegal, novel rice varieties are slowly clawing back market share from imported rice, creating new value-chains and rural jobs — and displacing imports used in jollof.

  However, new seed technologies can realize their full potential only if they are part of an integrated response. Farmers also need access to affordable capital, fertilizer and productive infrastructure such as irrigation, energy and extension services. As matters stand, Africa’s farmers — notably women — are poorly served in all these areas. While the African Union’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, initiated in 2003, provides a plan of action, it has an abysmal delivery record.

  Connecting the dots between food self-reliance and social protection can create win-win scenarios. As the School Meals Coalition points out, millions of African schoolchildren are unable to learn because of hunger. Providing them with nutritious food from local producers would simultaneously combat malnutrition, improve learning and create predictable markets for farmers, attracting the investment needed to raise productivity. The Kenyan government has already set a benchmark, pledging to provide universal school meals by 2030.

  At a food summit in Dakar earlier this year, African leaders pledged to build more self-sufficient, resilient and equitable food systems, and to restore “food sovereignty.” While Africa’s farmers have heard such pledges before, let us hope that this time they will be implemented.

  Kevin Watkins, a former CEO of Save the Children UK, is a visiting professor at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

  Copyright: Project Syndicate
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