A flurry of diplomatic calls between Beijing and European capitals shows how Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) is trying to keep Russia’s invasion of Ukraine from dragging China into the center of another struggle for global supremacy reminiscent of the Cold War.
Xi on Tuesday spoke via video link with French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, suggesting that China would be willing to work with the two countries to mediate a solution.
The summit follows Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi’s (王毅) calls with top regional diplomats, including Josep Borrell of the EU and Peter Szijjarto of Hungary.
The outreach to Brussels was consistent with China’s approach before the war of courting stronger European ties to balance Washington’s efforts to build a more united front against Beijing and Moscow. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s attack on Ukraine has made that challenge more urgent, leading even some of Europe’s most dovish leaders to suddenly embrace US-led sanctions campaigns and demands for greater military spending.
“It is a critical moment for Europe-China relations,” said Noah Barkin, an expert on Europe-China relations at US research firm Rhodium Group. “If Beijing stays on the sidelines, and continues to blame the US and NATO for provoking Putin, then this could do lasting damage to its relationship with Europe. The democracies-versus-authoritarians narrative will take hold. China and Russia will be seen as a common threat.”
China and Russia have grown closer as they have found themselves increasingly locked in parallel battles with the US over spheres of influence and what Washington sees as the erosion of post-World War II liberal norms. That process culminated last month with a Xi-Putin summit in Beijing, at which the Chinese leader endorsed Russian grievances with NATO and declared their relationship to have “no limits.”
Russia’s subsequent invasion left Xi in a tough spot, needing to preserve ties with Putin without alienating Europe, where the attack on Ukraine is widely viewed as an attack on itself. China has so far sought to maintain a neutral position, urging dialogue and the protection of civilians, while abstaining from UN votes condemning Russia and blaming the US for fomenting the conflict.
Xi continued that approach in his summit with Macron and Scholz, saying that the “Chinese side is deeply grieved by the outbreak of war again” in Europe, a Chinese foreign ministry summary said.
“The pressing task at the moment is to prevent the tense situation from escalating or even running out of control,” Xi said, citing concerns about energy, supply chains and the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Europe is now more reliant on the US for energy and security,” said Wang Yiwei (王義桅), a former Chinese diplomat and director of Renmin University’s Institute of International Affairs. “That’s not something Europe wants. So that’s why Xi said China supports Europe’s strategic autonomy.”
While Xi has spoken with Putin and Macron since the invasion began, he has not spoken with US President Joe Biden or British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, the remaining two permanent members of the UN Security Council. He also has not talked with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy, although foreign ministers from the two countries have spoken.
China’s strong ties with Ukraine — including its status as the country’s second-largest trading partner behind the EU in 2020 — have led some in Europe, including Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba to urge Beijing to mediate. Moscow’s dependence on Beijing to offset sanctions appears to give Xi a bit of leverage. Putin opened talks with Zelenskiy shortly after the Chinese and Russian leaders spoke, although they went nowhere.
China has not yet embraced a mediation role in the crisis, which carries risk and rewards.
“Beijing will not want to increase its exposure to the conflict, and its view of the US and NATO as adversaries will prevent it from aligning positions with the West,” said Helena Legarda, lead analyst at the Berlin-based Mercator Institute for China Studies.
However, successful negotiations could improve views of China as a responsible global leader, while failure could further entangle it in the centuries-old security disputes of Europe.
Instead, Xi told Macron and Scholz that China supported “an equal-footed” security dialogue between the EU, Russia, the US and NATO, a framework that emphasized Brussels’s autonomy from Washington. China has sought return to the Minsk agreements that helped ease the first flare-up in fighting between Russia and Ukraine, a process that excluded the US.
“It’s not in the Chinese interest to have the EU and the United States get too close together, and the longer this war lasts, the closer the EU and the US will move,” said Wolfgang Roehr, a former German diplomat in China and senior research fellow at the German Studies Centre at Tongji University in Shanghai. “I don’t think that’s in China’s interest, and the Europeans know that.”
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