The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly transformed the Internet into the most critical infrastructure on Earth. By enabling people and businesses to remain connected while under lockdown, the Internet has helped prevent the global economy from collapsing entirely. Indeed, with fear and social distancing continuing to separate many people, it has become the connective tissue for much human interaction and economic activity around the world.
Few appreciate how this critical global resource has remained stable and resilient since its inception, even as its scope and scale have undergone uninterrupted explosive growth. In an age of widening political, economic and social divisions, how has the “one Internet” connecting the entire world been sustained? How can people best continue to protect it?
The answers to both questions start with understanding what makes the Internet — which consists of tens of thousands of disparate networks — look like and function as one network for all.
These components, or unique Internet identifiers, include Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, which are associated with every device connected to the Internet, and Internet domain names (like ft.com, harvard.edu or apple.news), which people use to search for and connect to computers easily.
These unique identifiers ensure that, no matter where someone is or which network they are connected to, they can always get in touch with the right computer with the desired domain name, or reach the right target device with an embedded IP number (such as a smart thermostat, for example).
This simple, elegant architecture reflects the genius of a handful of brilliant engineers who created the Internet a half-century ago. Since then, it has never failed to help people locate the billions of devices that have been added to the thousands of networks that make up today’s cybereconomy.
Should the identifiers fail, people would experience immediate digital chaos.
Given the identifiers’ critical role, it is imperative that they not be compromised or controlled by any authority that is not committed to maintaining the Internet as an open, global and common good. In the wrong hands, they could be used to fragment the Internet, and enable top-down control of usage and users by governments with malign intentions.
Such fears are real, given authoritarian governments’ online meddling in elections, national security networks and digital commercial transactions in the past few years.
So, the key question is who should be entrusted today to maintain the security and reliability of Internet identifiers. The answer is simple: geeks, not governments.
The same engineers who built the Internet established nonprofit institutions, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), to take responsibility for the unique identifiers and maintain the Internet’s original ethos of openness.
These and other institutions coordinate global efforts to manage the protocols necessary for the Internet’s stable and reliable operation, and the engineers who run them today do so with remarkable independence, precision, dedication and humility.
The last major assault on these institutions’ independence came in December 2012, when a group of governments at the UN’s World Conference on International Telecommunications attempted to take control of the unique identifiers. This effort was thwarted thanks to the vigilance of democratic governments that valued the power of a single global Internet to foster innovation, commerce and international cooperation.
Today, amid the chaos caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, authoritarian governments are once again using the UN to try to seize control of critical Internet resources from engineers. During an International Telecommunication Union meeting, a proposal for a new standard for core network technology was submitted.
Regrettably, and more worryingly, extreme activist groups and democratic governments are also carelessly intruding on the work of these independent institutions, for example to police free expression on social media.
For example, after Twitter attached a fact-check warning to two of US President Donald Trump’s tweets, he threatened that his administration would “strongly regulate” or close down social media platforms that he believes “silence conservative voices.”
Organizations such as ICANN and IETF have spent decades developing and refining consensus-based decisionmaking processes, involving inclusive and transparent “bottom-up” participation by engineers, businesses, civil-society organizations and governments. The danger is that by subverting these institutions’ established procedures, official interference and lobbying would make them easy prey for authoritarian regimes.
Attempting to reshape from outside the decisions of bodies like ICANN, or to fuel the efforts of authoritarian regimes to shift control of the Internet to governments within the UN framework, contradicts the Internet’s original ethos and could be devastating.
Governments must commit to safeguarding the resilient system that enables the Internet to function free of political interference or control. At a time when physical and economic health are faltering in the face of a potent virus, protecting the independent, democratic and transparent institutions that have dependably governed the Internet infrastructure since its inception has never been more important.
Fadi Chehade was president and chief executive officer of ICANN from 2012 to 2016.
Copyright: Project Syndicate
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