The number etched on the bracelet around Mohammed’s wrist gave the 13-year-old soldier comfort as missiles fired from enemy warplanes shook the earth beneath him.
For two years, Mohammed fought with Yemen’s Houthi rebels against a military coalition led by Saudi Arabia and backed by the US.
He says he tortured and killed people, and did not care whether he lived or died.
Illustration: Louise Ting
However, if he died, the bracelet would guarantee his body made it home.
“When I become a martyr, they enter my number in the computer, retrieve my picture and my name, then print them with the name ‘Martyr’ underneath,” Mohammed said.
It would be pasted to the lid of his coffin for return to his family.
Mohammed was among 18 former child soldiers who described the Houthis’ unrelenting efficiency when it comes to the recruitment, deployment and even battlefield deaths of boys as young as 10.
While both sides in the four-year civil war have sent children into combat in violation of international human rights conventions, the Houthis are believed to have recruited many more than the coalition — often forcibly.
The Houthis have inducted 18,000 child soldiers into their rebel army since the beginning of the war in 2014, a senior Houthi military official told reporters.
He spoke on condition of anonymity due to the sensitivity of the information.
That figure is higher than any number previously reported.
The UN verified 2,721 children recruited to fight for all sides in the conflict, the large majority for the Houthis, but officials say that count is likely low, because many families will not speak about the issue out of fear of reprisals from Houthi militants.
The Houthis say officially that they do not recruit children and send away those who try to enlist.
Some of the children told reporters that they joined the rebels willingly, mainly because of promises of money or the chance to carry a weapon.
However, others described being forced into the service of the Houthis — abducted from schools or homes or coerced into joining in exchange for a family member’s release from detention.
Many can be seen at checkpoints along main roads across northern and western Yemen, AK-47s dangling from their narrow shoulders. Others are sent to the front lines as foot soldiers.
A 13-year-old named Riyadh said that half of the fighters he served with on the front lines in Yemen’s mountainous Sirwah District were children.
Rebel officers ordered them to push forward during battles, even as coalition jets zoomed overhead, he said.
He said he pleaded with his commander to let the young fighters take cover during airstrikes: “Sir, the planes are bombing.”
The reply was always: “Followers of God, you must attack,” he said.
An unknown number of child soldiers have been sent home in coffins.
More than 6,000 children have died or been maimed in Yemen since the beginning of the war, UNICEF reported in October.
However, the UN agency has not been able to determine how many of those minors were combatants and the Houthi-run Ministry of Defense does not release its records for casualties.
A former teacher from the city of Dhamar said that at least 14 pupils from his school were recruited and then died in battle.
Their pictures were placed on empty classroom seats in 2016 during the Week of the Martyr, which the Houthis celebrate each year in February.
Most of them were fifth and sixth graders, he said.
An education official from Dhamar confirmed his account.
The two spoke on condition of anonymity because of fear of retribution.
The teacher said that some of the dead children’s parents were Houthi leaders who willingly sent their sons to the front lines.
“It’s painful, because this is a child and they are all my children because I was their teacher,” he said. “They were taken from the school and returned in coffins.”
The Houthis and the coalition forces began peace talks in Sweden two weeks ago, but an end to the war appears far off. Many worry about what will become of the children who fought in the Middle East’s poorest country once a peace treaty is signed.
Naguib al-Saadi, a Yemeni human rights advocate who founded a Saudi-funded counseling center in Marib for child warriors, said: “The real problem with Houthi recruitment of the children will be felt in 10 years when a generation that has been brainwashed with hatred and enmity toward the West comes of age.”
The war began after Houthi rebels swept down from the northern highlands in late 2014, seizing the capital, Sana’a, and then pushing south. Yemen’s internationally recognized government sought help from the Saudis and other oil-rich neighbors, which formed the military coalition opposing the Houthis.
The result has been a proxy war as much as a civil war, with forces backed by the Saudis fighting the Houthis, a Zaidi-Shiite religious and political group with ties to Iran.
A report released in August by a UN expert panel said that both sides were using child soldiers.
The panel said it had information that coalition forces had targeted “particularly vulnerable children” living in displacement camps and “offered significant payments for child recruits.”
The report said that coalition units “frequently used children in support roles, although they have also been used in combat on the front lines.”
The panel said that nearly two-thirds of the child soldiers identified by the UN last year were deployed by the Houthis and their allies.
The Houthis constantly recruit new fighters, because their ranks are smaller and thinned by battlefield losses.
The well-funded and well-equipped coalition units have nearly 140,000 troops in the field, experts who study the war say.
The Houthi military official told reporters that rebel forces have 60,000 fighters on the front lines.
Outside experts estimate the Houthis’ troop strength at between 15,000 and 50,000.
Top Houthi officials heap praise on young soldiers who have died in a conflict they describe as a sacred war against the US, Israel and other outside powers they say are trying to take over the country.
Under the Defense Ministry, the rebels have pursued what they call a “national voluntary recruitment campaign.”
Brigadier General Yahia Sarie, a spokesman for the Houthis’ armed forces, told reporters: “There is no general policy to use the children in the battles,” but he acknowledged that some young people do volunteer to join the fight.
“It’s personal initiative,” Sarie said. “Some of the children are motivated by the desire to take revenge, thinking it’s better to take action and fight with honor instead of getting killed inside our homes.”
When they try to join, Houthi leaders “send them back home,” he said.
He dismissed the accounts from the children who spoke to reporters, saying their claims were coalition propaganda.
Children, parents, educators, social workers and other Yemenis interviewed described an aggressive campaign that targets children — and is not always completely voluntary.
Houthi officials use their access to the Civil Registry Authority and other state records to gather data that allows them to narrow down their target list of the neediest families in villages and displacement camps — the ones most likely to accept offers of cash in return for recruits.
In Sana’a, the Yemeni capital under Houthi control, recruiters go door to door telling parents they must either turn over their sons or pay money for the war effort, residents say.
The Associated Press interviewed 18 former child soldiers at displacement camps and a counseling center in the city of Marib, which is controlled by the Saudi-led, US-backed coalition. They had come to Marib after slipping away from rebel forces or being captured by coalition units.
Because of their ages and because some of them acknowledge committing acts of brutality, only their first names are used. Some children gave themselves a nom du guerre after they joined the fighting. For example, one 10-year-old boy called himself Abu Nasr, Arabic for “Father of Victory.”
A 13-year-old boy named Saleh told reporters that Houthi milititants stormed his family’s home in the northern district of Bani Matar on a Saturday morning and demanded that he and his father come with them to the front lines.
He said his father told them: “Not me and my son” and then tried to pull his rifle on them.
“They dragged him away,” the boy said. “I heard the bullets, then my father collapsing dead.”
Saleh said the militants took him with them and forced him to do sentry duty at a checkpoint 12 hours a day.
International relief agencies working on child protection programs in northern Yemen are not allowed to discuss the use of child soldiers out of fear that their agencies will be barred from delivering aid to Houthi-controlled territories, according to four aid workers who spoke on the condition of anonymity.
“This is a taboo,” one said.
“They don’t raise the issue,” said Abdullah al-Hamadi, a former deputy minister of education who defected earlier this year from the Houthi-controlled government in the north.
Al-Hamadi said that the children who are targeted for recruitment are not the sons of important Houthi families or top commanders. Instead, they are usually kids from poor tribes who are being used “as firewood for this war.”
In villages and small towns, recruiters include teenagers whose brothers or fathers already work for the Houthis. They can be seen hanging around schools, handing out chewing tobacco and trying to persuade the boys to become fighters.
Several residents of Sana’a told reporters that Houthis divide the capital into security blocs, each overseen by a supervisor who must meet rolling quotas for bringing in new recruits. He collects information on the families living in his bloc by knocking on the doors of each house and asking for the number of male members, their names and ages.
“It looks random from the outside, but in reality it’s not,” a Yemeni journalist who worked in Houthi territory said, speaking on condition of anonymity because of the risks of talking about the rebels. “There are teams with specific missions and clear structure.”
He and his family fled to Marib, a coalition stronghold, because he feared that the rebels would try to recruit his children.
Houthi recruiters assure families that their sons will not be assigned to battle zones, but instead will be sent to work behind the lines at roadside checkpoints.
However, once militants get hold of the children, they often send them to indoctrination and training camps, and then the front lines, according to two children and officials from two child protection groups.
The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because of concerns that the Houthis might retaliate by blocking their groups from working in Yemen.
Children said that they were targeted by recruiters on soccer pitches, farms and, especially, schools.
A 12-year-old named Kahlan said Houthi militants drove him and 10 of his classmates away in a pickup truck, telling them they were being taken to a place where they would get new school bags.
It was a lie.
Instead, still in their school uniforms, they found themselves inside a training camp getting instructions on how to hide from airstrikes.
New recruits are usually taken first to “culture centers” for religious courses lasting nearly a month. Instructors read aloud to the children from the lectures of the Houthi movement’s founder, Hussein Badr Eddin al-Houthi, the late brother of the current leader, Abdul-Malek al-Houthi.
The lectures, dating back to 2002, are circulated in audio and video and transcribed into booklets known as “Malazem.”
They are told they are joining a holy war against Jews and Christians and Arab countries that have succumbed to Western influence — and that if the boys die fighting, they will go to heaven.
The instructors fuel the recruits’ anger with accounts of coalition attacks that have killed civilians, including an airstrike in August that hit a bus full of schoolchildren.
“When you get out of the culture center, you don’t want to go home anymore,” said Mohammed, the boy who served with the Houthis from ages 13 to 15. “You want to go to jihad.”
The recruits are then sent to military training camps in the mountains, according to several children who defected from the Houthis. By night, they sleep in tents or huts made of tree branches. By day, they learn how to fire weapons, plant explosives and avoid missiles fired by coalition jets.
From noon to sunset, the young soldiers get a daily share of the green leaves of qat, a mild stimulant that the vast majority of Yemenis chew every day. Coming from poor families, having qat is an incentive for the children, who might not be able to afford it at home.
After less than a month of boot camp, they are sent to war, wearing the bracelets that are supposed to ensure that, if they die, they are returned to their families and honored as martyrs.
The children call the inscription their “jihadi number.”
Critics of the Houthis sardonically call the bracelets the children’s “key for heaven.”
Once in the battle zones, some children said, their weapons and their beliefs made them feel powerful. Others just felt frightened.
Mohammed fought in and around the city of Taiz, the scene of the war’s longest-running battle.
One day, his comrades captured a coalition fighter and brought him to a bombed-out restaurant for interrogation. Mohammed, 14 at the time, said he fetched an electric generator and hooked it up to the prisoner.
He sent electric shocks screaming through the man’s body as his commander questioned the captive about coalition forces’ positions, he said.
When the questioning was over, his commander gave this order: “Get rid of him,” he said.
Mohammed said he took a heavy metal tool, heated it in a flame, then swung it, caving in the back of the man’s head.
“He was my master,” Mohammed said. “If he says kill, I would kill... I would blow myself up for him.”
Riyadh, the 13-year-old who fought in the Sirwah mountains, said he and his 11-year-old brother once shot and killed two enemy soldiers who had refused to lay down their weapons.
More often, he closed his eyes tightly when he fired his rifle, he said.
“Honestly, when I am afraid, I don’t know where I am shooting — sometimes in the air and sometimes just randomly,” he said.
The most frightening moment came when his brother disappeared during a firefight.
“I was crying,” Riyadh said. “I told the commander that my brother had been martyred.”
He began turning over corpses on the battlefield, searching bloodied faces for his lost brother when he and other fighters came under fire. They fired back. Then, after some yelling back and forth, he realized the shooter was not an enemy fighter, but his brother, lost in the fog of battle.
A few weeks later, Riyadh and his brother escaped, paying a truck driver to smuggle them away from the Houthi forces.
Kahlan — the schoolboy who had been lured into combat with the promise of a new book bag — was first assigned to carry boxes of food and ammunition for soldiers. Then he was deployed to fight.
He and the other boys had no clothes other than their school uniforms, he said. They were so filthy that many sprouted skin rashes.
Coalition aircraft screeched overhead, dropping bombs and firing missiles at Houthi positions. Afterward, trucks rumbled in to collect the dead.
“The sight of the bodies was scary,” Kahlan said, using his hands to pantomime how corpses were missing heads or limbs or had their intestines oozing out.
He slipped away from the Houthi camp early one morning, running from one village to another.
“I was afraid to look back. I saw trees and rocks and I got more scared because they used to hide behind the trees,” he said.
Mohammed, Riyadh and Kahlan all ended up in Marib, at a rehabilitation center for children who served as Houthi soldiers. Since September last year, nearly 200 boys have come through the center, which was founded by the Wethaq Foundation for Civil Orientation and funded with Saudi money.
Mayoub al-Makhlafi, the center’s psychiatrist, said the common symptom among all the former child soldiers is extreme aggression. They suffer anxiety, panic attacks and attention deficits.
Some describe being beaten by their own commanders, a staffer at the center said.
She said she has also heard reports from children on both sides of the fighting about being sexually abused by officers.
She spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of sexual abuse issues.
The center brings the children together for “listening sessions” that help them remember their lives before they were sent to war.
On his first day at the center, he was terrified, Mohammed said. He did not know what they would do to him there.
“However, then I saw the teachers and they gave me a room to stay in. I felt good after that,” he said.
His mother lives in Taiz, in an area under Houthi control, so he cannot live with her. He has other relatives and moves from one house to another.
Sometimes he sleeps in the street, he said.
He no longer has the bracelet with the serial number that the Houthis gave him as part of their promise that he would get a martyr’s funeral.
When he defected, his older brother sent him to be questioned by coalition authorities, he said.
During the interrogation, a security officer took out a pair of scissors and cut the bracelet from Mohammed’s wrist.
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