Perry, a five-year-old African gray parrot, is for sale on a well-known pet trade Web site for ￡750 (US$975). She looks in good condition with her large black bill, red tail and white mask and her owner says she can whistle the tune of Flower of Scotland, does a passable imitation of “R2D2” and is “very clever and funny.”
What Perry’s Scottish owner does not tell prospective buyers is that the African gray is close to extinction in the wild, largely because of the international pet trade.
Although there have been restrictions on the export of these birds since 2009, dealers pay a pittance for tens of thousands of them to be trapped every year in the rainforests of west and central Africa and smuggled out.
Illustration: Mountain People
It is easy to catch them, say researchers from Birdlife, a global grouping of conservation groups. A team of hunters uses decoys or goes to the birds’ water and mineral licks in the forests, where flocks gather. They throw nets over them and take dozens at a time.
Once caught they will be smuggled over borders, stuffed in tiny cages and flown illegally to Europe, South Africa, the Middle East and China, where they might fetch up to ￡1,000 each. All this makes the African gray probably the most highly traded bird in the world, causing their numbers to plummet from Nigeria to Cameroon, and from Ivory Coast to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Some conservationists estimate that only 1 percent of their historical numbers remain.
This week moves are afoot that could give hope to the African gray’s future. Nine African states, the EU and others are to ask world governments at the triennial meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Johannesburg to give the highest international protection to the bird.
However, it is far from the only species whose future hangs in the balance and whose fate could be determined at this year’s meeting, which began on Saturday last week and runs through Wednesday next week.
The CITES convention, signed by more than 180 countries and the EU, is the best hope the world has of stemming the growth in the ￡150 billion a year wildlife trade and of reversing catastrophic animal and plant losses.
Against the backdrop of a surge in African elephant and rhino poaching, and continuing deforestation and habitat losses, governments are under intense pressure in Johannesburg to increase protection for many hundreds of endangered species. Ministers are hearing from scientists, technical experts and conservationists that the fate of wildlife is at a crossroads, with populations crashing and a slow-motion extinction taking place. The precipitous decline of the African gray echoes what is happening to hundreds of other plant and animal species, including the African elephant, the tiger, rosewood trees, pangolins, banggai cardinalfish and many others, conservationists say.
Last month the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) revised its animal danger lists. Sixty-eight species are said to have become extinct in the wild; 5,107 are critically endangered; 7,600 are endangered; and 16,000 are “vulnerable” or “threatened.”
Within a generation species such as the African elephant, tiger, gorilla and lion could be on the verge of extinction in the wild as a result of illegal hunting, habitat loss and the pet trade, the meeting was to hear. The trade in illegal ivory has more than doubled since 2007.
“Africa’s overall elephant population has seen the worst declines in 25 years, mainly due to poaching over the past 10 years,” IUCN director-general Inger Andersen was to say.
“Their plight is truly alarming. Poaching has been the main driver of the decline, while habitat loss poses an increasingly serious, long-term threat to the species,” he was to say.
CITES protects about 5,000 animal and 30,000 plant species, and ministers are being asked to change the protection status of more than 500. Some, like the lion, African elephant and pangolin, are high-profile, but many reptiles, coral and fish, such as the banggai cardinalfish, are barely known.
Nearly all of the 62 proposals put forward by governments are to increase protection. However, a few species, like the panda and peregrine falcon, are no longer considered to be in danger and could have their protection reduced.
Many countries are to be admonished for allowing the illegal trade in animal parts and plant species to flourish. Laos has pledged to phase out its controversial tiger farms, which supply China with bones and other parts for traditional medicine. However, international animal trade inspectors are to report in Johannesburg that rhinoceros horn, elephant ivory and many other wildlife specimens are being regularly smuggled through the country both to China and other Southeast Asian nations.
“Laos is being targeted by organized crime groups as a transit point,” wildlife trade monitoring network Traffic says. “No arrests or prosecutions related to illegal trade in rhino horn, elephant ivory and other wildlife specimens have occurred in the country since 2012. Significant loopholes still exist in national legislation.”
South Africa, the host country, was certain to be embarrassed, having lost about 6,000 rhinos to poachers since 2007, including more than 700 this year. Vietnam would be told to crack down on its rampant illegal rhino horn trade or face sanctions, and China will be identified as the world’s primary destination for precious woods.
“Vietnam’s poor law enforcement record speaks for itself; ending the illegal rhino horn trade and helping to save Africa’s rhinos is clearly not a priority for the government,” said Ginette Hemley, WWF’s head of delegation to CITES.
“With around three rhinos being poached each day, there is no time to lose. CITES must take a tough line with Vietnam: swiftly implement critical measures to tackle the illegal rhino horn trade or be banned from legally trading many wildlife products,” Hemley said.
Chinese consumption was to be blamed for the plight of the tiger, but also for the loss of west African forests. Soaring demand for expensive classical furniture made of rosewood is driving deforestation.
“Most Chinese imports of rosewood have come from Southeast Asia, but in recent years traders are turning to west Africa to help satisfy booming consumer demand. From 2010 to 2014, China’s rosewood imports from Africa jumped 700 percent and in the first half of this year alone about US$216 million worth of west African rosewood was imported into China,” international forest group Forest Trends was to report.
However, whereas pressure for increased wildlife protection has, in the past, come from scientists and campaigners, the drive for better protection now comes from celebrities, business groups, royalty and governments with agendas of their own.
Birtain’s Prince William has made wildlife a personal cause and, working with elephant conservation group Tusk, has lobbied US President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) to take action to stop trade in ivory.
In November he is to go to Vietnam for a conference on the illegal wildlife trade.
“When I was born, there were 1 million elephants roaming Africa,” the prince said last week. “By the time my daughter, Charlotte, was born last year, the numbers of savannah elephants had crashed to just 350,000 and at the current pace of illegal poaching, when Charlotte turns 25 the African elephant will be gone from the wild.”
“This crisis is not just about animals — this crisis is about people. It is some of the world’s poorest peoples who will suffer when their natural resources are stripped from them illegally and brutally,” he said.
Last week, Joanna Lumley weighed in to voice dismay at a proposal at CITES to allow the trade of horns from rhinos that have died from natural causes, or recovered poached horns.
“This iconic species should not be reduced to a commodity that can be plundered for human indulgence,” the actress said.
Since the previous meeting in 2013, governments, too, have found a new reason to crack down on wildlife crime.
According to the London international affairs think tank Chatham House, wildlife crime can lead to international terrorism and the destabilization of vulnerable democracies. Somalian militant group al-Shabaab is said to generate its funding from illegal ivory sales.
However, everyone knows that the international trade restrictions that CITES can impose on countries are limited and nowhere near enough to stop the ￡150-billion-per-year trade.
The measures, conservationists say, are complicated, difficult to enforce, do not take the place of national laws and are implemented in different ways by different countries.
Moreover, court fines are nowhere near enough to deter poaching or smuggling. The street value of ivory is more than ￡1,500 per kilogram in Beijing, and rhino horn can sell for ￡50,000 per kilogram — far more than the price of gold or platinum — on the Chinese black market. Meanwhile rosewood can sell for thousands of pounds per cubic meter.
The UN environment program says that 88 countries must improve their laws if they are to implement CITES decisions and combat illegal trade in wildlife.
Many, including Bolivia, Guinea-Bissau, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Liberia, Mauritania and Mozambique must to do it urgently, the UN body says.
Animal welfare groups say that CITES pays no attention to the treatment of animals.
“Every year it rubber-stamps the trade in thousands of live animals from Africa, but corruption and a complete disregard for the well-being of these animals means that most will suffer mistreatment and many will experience unimaginable cruelty during their capture and transport,” Network for Animals’ lead campaigner David Barritt said.
“International trade bans are critical to saving wildlife, but without rigorous efforts to prevent poaching and trafficking they are never enough on their own. Organized criminal networks will continue to target threatened species, as we have seen with rhinos, elephants and tigers,” the WWF said.
The Johannesburg meeting is to be the largest ever, with more at stake than ever before, CITES secretary-general John Scanlon said.
“CITES is critical to fight the illegal trade in wildlife. Thousands of species are internationally traded and used by people in their daily lives for food, housing, healthcare, eco-tourism, cosmetics or fashion,” he said.
If countries agree to protect the gray parrot, either by consensus or by a two-thirds majority, an outright ban will be placed within 90 days on its international trade. It would also mean that all owners in Britain and elsewhere will have to register their birds.
The exotic-pet trade, which has powerful political support in many tropical countries, will lobby, but with backing for a total trade ban also likely from Washington and Brussels the parrot is almost certain to join 1,000 other species, such as tigers, rhinos and gorillas, on what is known as CITES Appendix I, the list of most endangered species. If it stays on Appendix II, which includes sharks, polar bears and lions, some limited trade would continue to be allowed.
AFRICAN LIONS
Many west African nations are seeking a total ban on the commercial trade of lions. Numbers have declined by about 60 percent in the past 20 years in some countries as a result of habitat loss and the spread of human settlements, but lion populations have increased in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe thanks to good wildlife management. Nations that promote trophy hunting would object to an upgrading of lions’ protection. The probable outcome is that western and central African lions would be placed on CITES’ Appendix I, while other populations remain on Appendix II
SHARKS AND RAYS
South Africa, whose waters are home to a quarter of the world’s 400-odd shark species, has proposed with other countries that protection of many more species of shark be bolstered. The silky shark, three species of thresher shark and nine species of mobula ray could all be put on Appendix II for the first time, because all are said to have seen declines of more than 70 percent.
AFRICAN ELEPHANTS
Nations are considering several proposals to clamp down on the ivory trade, destroy stockpiles, close legal, domestic ivory markets, restrict live animal exports and create a mechanism for a future ivory trade. All African elephants are included in Appendix I, except for those in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe, which are in Appendix II. One contentious proposal from Namibia and Zimbabwe seeks to move the populations of all four countries to the most stringent Appendix I level. Along with South Africa, they also propose to adopt a mechanism to permit commercial exports of ivory from lesser protected Appendix II range states. Conservation groups were encouraged this month when the IUCN World Conservation Congress voted by a 90 percent majority to pass a resolution urging countries to close their domestic markets for commercial trade in raw or worked elephant ivory. Last week Britain pledged to ban all domestic trade in ivory that is not at least 70 years old.
WHITE RHINO
Swaziland has submitted a highly controversial last-minute proposal to be allowed to sell its stockpile of about 330kg of valuable southern white rhino horn and about 20kg annually from animals that die naturally. The proceeds from a one-off sale to traditional Chinese medicine hospitals would, it says, raise about US$10m which, placed in an investment fund, could earn enough to pay for conservation and cover the US$2 million annual costs of running the country’s three national parks. It says that the 39-year-old worldwide ban on the sale of horn has clearly not worked, with more than 1,200 rhinos killed per year in Africa, and that there is little likelihood of demand in China reducing. It says it would be far better to strictly control poaching and to trade judiciously with selected partners. The proposal has dismayed conservationists, who say that the animals are critically endangered and that any legal trade would provide cover for poaching and undermine international and domestic bans.
PANGOLIN
These burrowing, armor-shelled anteaters with sticky tongues are critically endangered and ranked as the world’s most hunted mammals, with possibly 1 million illegally poached in the past 10 years for their meat, scales and skin, which have become luxury fashion accessories. They are already partially protected, but some species can still be traded with permits. Countries are to consider several proposals to have all international trade in nine African and Asian species totally banned.
ROSEWOOD TREE
Rosewood is one of the world’s most precious timbers, highly sought after in China and Southeast Asia for luxury furniture. However, as trees are logged out in Asia, criminal gangs are targeting forests in west Africa and Latin America to meet unprecedented demand. Five proposals at CITES seek to tighten export and import controls, but success depends on whether China adopts stronger national laws and resists the illegal trade.
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