Just a few kilometers from the spot where Enbridge Inc plans to build a massive marine terminal for its Northern Gateway oil pipeline, Gerald Amos checked his crab traps and explained why no concession from the energy deliverer could win his support for the project.
Amos, a former chief of the Haisla Nation on the northern coast of British Columbia and a community leader, has argued for years that the risk — no matter how small — of an oil spill in waters surrounding the pipeline outweighs any reward the controversial development might offer.
That resolve is shared by many in the Aboriginal communities along the proposed pipeline and marine shipping route who see the streams, rivers and oceans in their traditional territories as the lifeblood of their culture.
Photo: Reuters
“Our connection to this place that we call home is really important,” Amos said as he pulled three Dungeness crabs from his trap, tossing two in a bucket and holding the third up for his two young granddaughters, who shrieked and giggled as the crustacean wriggled its legs.
“If these little ones can’t witness us doing what we’ve done for generations now, if we sever that tie to the land and the ocean, we’re no longer Haisla,” he said.
The Northern Gateway pipeline would carry diluted bitumen 1,177km from Alberta’s oil sands to the deepwater Port of Kitimat in northwest British Columbia, where it would be loaded onto supertankers and shipped to Asia. It is expected to cost C$7.9 billion (US$7.17 billion).
Photo: Reuters
Like the proposed Keystone XL pipeline to the US, Northern Gateway is loathed by environmentalists who fear that it will hasten the development of Canada’s oil sands and exacerbate climate change. It is also fiercely opposed by many Aboriginals along the pipeline’s projected path and shipping routes.
The Conservative Party of Canada government has been strongly supportive of Keystone and Northern Gateway, although it has said it will only approve projects that are safe for the public and the environment.
The federal government is expected to rule on Northern Gateway in mid-June. If it is approved, Aboriginal groups say they will bury it in lawsuits and failing that, lay down their bodies to protect the Earth, which they see as their children’s inheritance.
“I am committing myself to doing whatever it takes to stop this project — short of violence,” Amos said. “Myself and quite a few people are prepared to stand on the line and use ourselves to stop things if they send the bulldozers in.”
All along the pipeline route, Aboriginal communities — known as the First Nations in Canada — have filed lawsuits against a federal agency’s recommendation that the line be approved, citing a lack of consultation among other issues.
First Nations cannot veto resource projects, but local governments are required to consult with them on unresolved land-claim areas. There are no treaties in much of British Columbia, so consultation claims could trap the project in court for years.
“We still have control over our territory,” said Peter Erickson, hereditary chief of the Nak’azdli Nation in central British Columbia. “If we ban Enbridge from coming into the territory, they will not be allowed to come in.”
Like the Haisla, the Nak’azdli worry about the effect an oil spill would have on their waterways, particularly the Fraser River, an important salmon breeding ground.
Enbridge has said it is impossible to eliminate all risks of an oil spill, but it has developed mitigation measures to sharply reduce the likelihood, along with a preparedness and response plan to limit the consequences should a spill occur.
The company says the pipeline will be the safest it has ever built, with thicker-than-standard steel, deeper tunnels under waterways and more isolation valves than usual.
The federal panel that reviewed Enbridge’s data and the concerns expressed by First Nations and other groups determined the project should be approved if the company meets 209 technical, environmental and social conditions.
However, even a small risk is too much for Erickson and he said that if necessary, his people would take direct action, including staging blockades and sit-ins. They do not see such action as civil disobedience, but rather as being obedient to traditional laws.
“I was tasked with protecting this one piece of British Columbia,” he said. “I can’t go to Alberta, I can’t go to Saskatchewan, I can’t go to Vancouver — if something happens to my home, where do I go?”
Northern Gateway does have some Aborigines’ support. Enbridge said that 26 Aboriginal communities have accepted its offer of a 10 percent equity stake in the project to be divided among the 45 communities directly affected by the pipeline. However, the majority of these are in Alberta, while just 11 of 27 eligible communities in British Columbia have signed on.
Rumors that Enbridge is offering a larger stake in an effort to sway decisions have swirled among Aboriginal groups, though company project head Janet Holder downplays them.
“We’re continuing to engage in how we can partner with [First Nations] in other ways that will add benefits,” she said, adding that the firm does not negotiate in the media.
Communities that have taken a stand against the project are adamant that their answer will always be “no.”
“You could offer us 100 percent and people still won’t want the pipeline,” said Terry Teegee, chief of the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council, an alliance of eight British Columbia bands, six of which are on the planned pipeline’s right of way.
“Money isn’t what’s going to determine whether we approve the project or not. It’s our land, it’s our water, and that is completely not up for negotiation,” Teegee added.
Back on the waters of the Douglas Channel, Amos’ son, Trevor, pulls up in a small fishing boat with a freshly shot seal on the seat next to him, its chest sliced open and the cavity emptied.
A large seal can feed up to eight families or provide many meals for one family. The Haisla use every bit of the animal from the neck down: Its thick fat and rich meat are eaten, while the pelt is treated to make drum skins.
The small community is not opposed to all development. It has prospered thanks to the local aluminum smelter and villagers have granted a major energy company permission to build a liquefied natural gas plant on their land.
For the Haisla, it is about more than food. Many fear that if they were to lose their fishing grounds to an oil spill, their language and traditions would also slip away.
“When you’re going out to collect the seafood, that’s when you’re exercising your culture,” Haisla chief Ellis Ross said. “You’re teaching the next generation this is where you go to fish, this is how you fish, this is why you fish — that’s our connection. It’s more than just a food product.”
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