The Saudi government continues to tolerate hate speech by some clerics against minority groups, while public-school textbooks in the kingdom still include language that discriminates against other forms of worship, a report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) said yesterday.
Despite reform efforts and strong condemnation of attacks against Shiite citizens, Saudi officials have not acted to stamp out hate speech by state-affiliated clerics and government agencies, the New York-based watchdog said.
The report, titled They Are Not Our Brothers: Hate Speech by Saudi Officials, said the Saudi state has permitted government-appointed religious clerics to refer to minority Muslim Shiites in derogatory terms, sometimes rising to the level of hate speech and incitement.
Photo: Saudi Ministry of Culture and Information Ministry via AP
Saudi clerics mostly adhere to an ultraconservative Sunni interpretation of Islam known as Wahhabism — and many view other faiths and variants of Islamic worship as sinful. ]
The 62-page report said courts also discriminate against Shiites, and that school curriculum stigmatizes Shiite and other religious practices.
Shiites and Sufis who practice Islam differently to conservative Sunnis in Saudi Arabia are a “prime target of Saudi-sponsored hate speech and intolerant rhetoric,” it said.
Saudi Arabia’s minority Shiites, who live mostly in the kingdom’s eastern region, have long complained of discrimination. However, anti-Shiite rhetoric spiked after the Sunni-led kingdom and Shiite-led Iran severed ties last year.
The rivalry between the two regional powers has played out in proxy wars in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, and has also fueled tensions between Sunnis and Shiites in Bahrain and Lebanon.
The extremist Islamic State group’s branches in the Gulf have targeted Shiites in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, killing dozens of people in multiple attacks. The group considers Shiites as apostates and refers to them as rafida or rawafid, which means people who reject Sunni Islam.
The kingdom has strongly condemned the attacks and says the newly established Department of Public Prosecution in Saudi Arabia has powers to charge offenders who are accused of spreading hate speech and inciting violence on social medial, including anyone who attempts to “foment sectarian violence.”
Still, Saudi clerics — many of whom have millions of followers on Twitter — have frequently referred to Iran’s government, or even Shiites in general, as rawafid.
Earlier this year, Saudi Arabia’s heir to the throne, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, ruled out dialogue with Iran, claiming that Tehran’s goal is “to control the Islamic world” and to spread the Shiite doctrine.
He said Iran was founded on an “extremist ideology.”
Last year, Saudi Arabia’s most senior cleric, Grand Mufti Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, said Tehran’s leaders are “not Muslims” and said they were descendants of “Majuws” — a term that refers to Zoroastrians and those who worship fire.
Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion predating Christianity and Islam, and was the dominant religion in Persia before the Arab conquest.
Human Rights Watch said that given the reach of Saudi Arabia’s clerics, their public anti-Shiite statements are instrumental in discrimination practices against minority citizens in courts and schools.
The report found that the religion curriculum for the 2016-2017 schoolyear does not mention Shiites by name, but that it “uses veiled language to stigmatize Shiite religious practices.”
For example, Saudi religious education textbooks criticize visiting graves and shrines to venerate important people, which are common practices among Shiites. The books describe these practices as a form of polytheism.
The textbooks also include similar language toward non-Muslim practices, the report said.
Experts critiquing this curriculum have suggested that religious textbooks should instead draw from multiple lines in the Koran that emphasize coexistence, compassion and tolerance.
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