Air pollution is dangerously high across many parts of Europe, resulting in premature deaths, ill health and huge economic losses linked to reduced crop yields, Europe’s environmental watchdog said yesterday.
While emissions of some pollutants have declined sharply in Europe in recent decades, more diesel cars and a rise in wood burning by households as a cheap alternative to gas mean other types of harmful pollution are receding more slowly.
European regulators are expected to propose a tightening of EU limits on microscopic particles known as particulate matter and other pollutants, with legislative proposals due before the end of the year.
EXCEEDING LIMIT
A total of 22 European countries, including France, Italy and Poland, exceeded the daily EU limit value for particulate matter in 2011, while stricter, non-binding guideline limits set by the WHO were exceeded at most monitoring stations across continental Europe, according to a report by the Copenhagen-based European Environment Agency (EEA).
In the last decade, tighter European regulations on power stations and other sources of pollution have seen a 50 percent cut in emissions of sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain, while carbon monoxide emissions have fallen by a third.
By contrast, the amount of harmful particles and ozone in the air has fallen only slightly.
PRESSURE
Combined with recent WHO findings that lower concentrations of air pollution can be more harmful than previously thought, pressure is building on the EU to do more.
“Air pollution is causing damage to human health and ecosystems. Large parts of the population do not live in a healthy environment, according to current standards,” European Environment Agency executive director Hans Bruyninckx said.
The tighter proposed limits on particulate matter could pose problems for EU governments, many of which have struggled to meet the existing limits in force since 2010, resulting in up to a third of Europeans being exposed to dangerous levels of particulate matter pollution.
PARTICULATE MATTER
In its report, the agency said particulate matter pollution — particularly in urban areas — posed the greatest risk to human health thanks to its ability to pass directly from the lungs into the bloodstream.
Despite struggling to meet the limits, cities in Europe — along with the Americas — enjoy relatively low average particulate matter pollution levels compared with those in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa, WHO data showed.
Ground-level ozone pollution — formed indirectly by a combination of sunlight and mixtures of other pollutants in the atmosphere — inflicts huge damage on EU crop production, particularly in Mediterranean countries such as Italy, France and Spain.
PRODUCTION LOSSES
It has been estimated that ozone pollution resulted in production losses of 27 million tonnes of grain in Europe in 2000.
The increasing number of diesel vehicles on Europe’s roads, particularly newer models, are a major source of nitrogen dioxide, one of the main precursor pollutants that form ozone, the report says.
That is because while modern diesel exhaust after-treatment systems reduce fine particle and other emissions, they increase direct nitrogen dioxide emissions.
Researchers said earlier this month that nitrogen dioxide emissions from diesel exhausts can disrupt honeybees’ ability to recognize the smell of flowers, which could affect pollination and further undermine food production.
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