Deep amid the dense greenery of a rainforest, down an unmarked road, behind a barbed wire fence in a low-slung compound monitored by security cameras, government scientists are nursing a special patient back to health.
The patient is on pain medication, but lucid enough to ruffle his emerald green feathers and fill the room with angry squawks when a biologist removes him from an incubator. It is a Puerto Rican parrot with a broken leg, a serious injury for one of the world’s most endangered bird species.
In the past, the prognosis would have been grim.
“That probably would have been a dead bird,” said Jafet Velez, a biologist who manages the Puerto Rican parrot breeding center in the El Yunque National Forest, one of two such facilities on the island.
The injured bird, a two-month-old known only as Number 111405, faces an extended stay in the avian equivalent of intensive care and might need surgery. However, it is likely to survive. The outlook is increasingly positive as well for the entire species, which has hovered near extinction for decades, with slightly more than a dozen left in the wild at one point.
“Everything is moving in a positive direction,” said Tom White, a US Fish and Wildlife biologist who helps manage the island’s wild parrot populations.
It is difficult to pinpoint the number of birds because they are elusive and not all have functioning radio collars, but White said there were 20 to 25 in El Yunque, east of San Juan, and 40 to 70 in Rio Abajo Nature Preserve in western Puerto Rico.
Both groups have done well enough that Fish and Wildlife and its partner, Puerto Rico’s Department of Natural Resources, are looking to create additional wild populations, with the next one possibly in the US territory’s rugged, sparsely populated western Maricao region. The next release of birds from captivity is scheduled for December.
There are now about 150 birds each in the two captive breeding centers, in El Yunque and in Rio Abajo. Both breeding centers report a record year for new chicks, about 40 each.
The parrots, which grow to about 30cm in length and mate for life, are secretive and considered exceptionally sensitive to any disturbance to their environment, which could be why their numbers plummeted in the wild.
In precolonial times, there were an estimated 1 million of the birds spread across Puerto Rico. Intensive agriculture, particularly the massive clearing of forests for sugar cane, coffee and citrus, and a series of devastating hurricanes destroyed most of their prime habitat. By the late 1960s, they had disappeared from the entire island, except a few dozen in El Yunque, a mountainous tropical rainforest east of San Juan. In 1975, a census found just 13 birds left in the wild.
The captive breeding program began in 1972, but there wasn’t much hope for a recovery.
“They thought the species is going to be extinct, so we need to keep in captivity a representation of what was a Puerto Rican parrot,” said Velez, who has worked for the program for 21 years. “But the species really showed resilience.”
The first chick was produced in captivity in 1979, but the program was slow to get off the ground. Throughout the 1980s and for much of the 1990s, biologists rarely had more than 10 hatch and never had more than that make it out of the nest, or fledge, he said.
However, breeding efforts picked up as they learned more about the species and reduced turnover among biologists and technicians, which enabled them to become more skillful in handling the birds, Velez said. They made adjustments, like making sure to create distance between breeding cages as they realized some birds would not copulate because they were intimidated by the proximity of more aggressive males, a condition known as psychological castration.
They also developed better breeding techniques. Ricardo Valentin, who manages the Rio Abajo center, said they started noting significant progress when they started keeping adults and juveniles together in mixed cages in 2000.
“Just like with humans, you can’t have a child raise itself,” he said.
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