Australia is shaken by about 200 tremors each year, but most register only about 3 on the Richter scale and usually occur in the outback, scaring a few birds and kangaroos.
But scientists say a major earthquake could strike Australia's largest city Sydney, population 4.5 million, and even a moderate quake could cause devastation and death.
The strongest quake on record in Australia registered about 6.9 on the Richter scale, matching the strength of Japan's Kobe earthquake in January 1995 that killed more than 6,400 people.
PHOTO: REUTERS
"Large earthquakes have occurred in sparsely populated areas. You can't discount that possibility, that a large earthquake might occur in the Sydney area," said Phil Cummins, head of the earthquake hazard team at government agency Geoscience Australia.
In fact, every five years or so a potentially disastrous earthquake of 6.0 or more on the Richter scale rocks Australia and a quake as high as 7 is expected to occur every 100 years.
And scientists say the larger quakes are more likely to hit the edges of the Australian continent where the vast majority of the population lives.
Australia's most damaging earthquake, a moderate 5.6 on the Richter scale, occurred in December 1989. The quake struck the coastal coal-mining city of Newcastle, killing 13 people, injuring 130.
Total estimated losses were US$4 billion, including uninsured losses, damage to infrastructure and community disruption, according to Emergency Management Australia, a government disaster management body.
Newcastle, with a population of more than 300,000, is about 140km north of Sydney.
CATASTROPHE GAME
Earthquakes, bushfires, cyclones and floods have the potential to cause havoc in Australia and the largest exposure to most of these risks is Sydney, given its status as the country's center of commerce and large population.
In the world of earthquakes, risk analysts play what they call "the catastrophe game" to figure out the odds of a quake hitting a city like Sydney.
There is only a small chance of a major earthquake striking Australia's eastern seaboard. But, as the Newcastle quake showed, they can happen and can cause extensive damage.
Regulators, particularly after the massive losses caused by the Sept. 11 attacks on the US, require Australia's insurers to buy a high level of cover.
"[Germany's] Munich Reinsurance were here almost a year ago. They cover the major disasters in the region. That was one of their major scenarios, a large earthquake in Sydney. That was one of their major concerns," Cummins said.
Insurance Australia Group Ltd, the country's largest insurer, has cover for earthquake losses of up to A$3 billion (US$2 billion) for this year. That figure includes coverage for quakes in nearby New Zealand, where the much greater likelihood of earthquake damage is also covered by a state-funded disaster insurer.
"Insurers have to buy cover to a level that means there is no more than a 1-in-250 chance of it being insufficient. You can assume that the risk is believed to be no more than this (US$2 billion)," an IAG company spokesperson said.
GUESSING GAME
The frequency of earthquakes is lower in Australia than in its Asia-Pacific neighbors because the continent sits on the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, rather than on a volatile edge.
Earthquakes are most common where different tectonic plates meet, for example in earthquake-prone New Zealand to the southeast, which straddles the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates.
Intraplate earthquakes, like those in Australia and continental North America, are less common and do not follow a pattern. They can also feel more violent, because intraplate earthquakes generally occur closer to the earth's surface.
When a large earthquake occurs within 10km of the Earth's surface, the fault may rupture through the rocks that make up the Earth's surface and open up a long jagged rent.
Australia has had five such fault breakages in the past 30 years, more than any other country.
All five are in remote areas away from major population centers.
Hidden thrust faults pose hazards to buildings, roads, railways and pipelines which no-one can truly calculate. And just like Kobe, an Australian earthquake is likely to have a shallow epicenter, ensuring maximum damage.
In August 1994, an earthquake of about 5.6 on the Richter scale rattled Sydney and the east coast but it lasted for only about 10 seconds. Still, the tremor was felt over a 300km stretch from Wollongong to the south to Sydney and Newcastle in the north.
A few weeks ago I found myself at a Family Mart talking with the morning shift worker there, who has become my coffee guy. Both of us were in a funk over the “unseasonable” warm weather, a state of mind known as “solastalgia” — distress produced by environmental change. In fact, the weather was not that out of the ordinary in boiling Central Taiwan, and likely cooler than the temperatures we will experience in the near-future. According to the Taiwan Adaptation Platform, between 1957 and 2006, summer lengthened by 27.8 days, while winter shrunk by 29.7 days. Winter is not
Taiwan’s post-World War II architecture, “practical, cheap and temporary,” not to mention “rather forgettable.” This was a characterization recently given by Taiwan-based historian John Ross on his Formosa Files podcast. Yet the 1960s and 1970s were, in fact, the period of Taiwan’s foundational building boom, which, to a great extent, defined the look of Taiwan’s cities, determining the way denizens live today. During this period, functionalist concrete blocks and Chinese nostalgia gave way to new interpretations of modernism, large planned communities and high-rise skyscrapers. It is currently the subject of a new exhibition at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Modern
March 25 to March 31 A 56-year-old Wu Li Yu-ke (吳李玉哥) was straightening out her artist son’s piles of drawings when she inadvertently flipped one over, revealing the blank backside of the paper. Absent-mindedly, she picked up a pencil and recalled how she used to sketch embroidery designs for her clothing business. Without clients and budget or labor constraints to worry about, Wu Li drew freely whatever image came to her mind. With much more free time now that her son had found a job, she found herself missing her home village in China, where she
In recent years, Slovakia has been seen as a highly democratic and Western-oriented Central European country. This image was reinforced by the election of the country’s first female president in 2019, efforts to provide extensive assistance to Ukraine and the strengthening of relations with Taiwan, all of which strengthened Slovakia’s position within the European Union. However, the latest developments in the country suggest that the situation is changing rapidly. As such, the presidential elections to be held on March 23 will be an indicator of whether Slovakia remains in the Western sphere of influence or moves eastward, notably towards Russia and