North Korea is evading UN sanctions to cash in on soaring domestic demand for smartphones, using low-cost hardware imports to generate significant income for the regime, according to defectors, experts and an analysis of North Korean-made phones.
Economists estimate as many as 6 million North Koreans — one-quarter of the population — now have mobile phones, a critical tool for participating in an informal market economy that has become a key income source for many.
Reporters spoke to about 10 defectors and experts about the use of mobile devices in North Korea, reviewed state media reports and advertisements for mobile devices, and examined two North Korean-branded smartphones.
The phones feature Taiwanese semiconductors, batteries made in China and a version of Google’s open-source Android operating system, analysis of the North Korean phones showed.
UN sanctions imposed in 2017 because of the North’s weapons programs prohibit imports of mobile phone hardware.
North Korean leader Kim Jong-un has endorsed wireless networks, some reportedly built with the help of China’s Huawei Technologies Co, and local mobile phone brands through public speeches and a tour to a mobile phone factory reported by state media.
Basic North Korean phones typically cost between US$100 and US$400 at state stores or private markets, experts and defectors say.
Subscriptions to mobile carriers are registered at the North Korean Ministry of Post and Telecommunications’ stores.
Phones are typically sold with service plans that include 200 minutes of calling time. Prepaid plans cost about US$13 for 100 minutes, phone advertisements show.
While those prices are comparable with or higher than what mobile phone customers pay in other countries, North Koreans earn an average of about US$100 per month, only about 4 percent of what South Koreans earn, South Korean government data showed.
International brands such as Apple iPhones are not publicly on sale, but traders and wealthy North Koreans can buy them outside the country and use them with local SIM cards, defectors said.
North Korean phones can only be used to call domestic numbers and have some unique security features. Downloading or transferring files is severely restricted.
Reporters found a warning pop-up when installing an “unidentified program” on the Pyongyang 2418 smartphone stating: “If you install illegal programs, your phone can malfunction or data will get destroyed.”
“North Korea puts algorithms and software in its mobile phones to keep data from being copied or transferred,” said Lee Young-hwan, a South Korean software expert studying North Korean smartphones.
Apps such as maps, games and an English dictionary show they are developed by North Korean engineers at state-run enterprises or state universities.
The regime has also developed a home-grown surveillance tool on mobile phones, the UK-based cybersecurity company Hacker House said.
When a user accesses illegal or non-state approved media, an alert is generated and stored inside the phone.
A modified version of Android also conducts surveillance and tracks users, Hacker House said.
North Korea’s representatives at the UN did not respond to requests for comment.
Still, the phones are a big asset in North Korea’s gray market economy, which has flourished since a devastating famine in the 1990s.
One young North Korean woman surnamed Choi recalled selling two pigs and smuggling herbs from China to raise the 1,300 Chinese yuan (US$182 at the current exchange rate) her family needed to buy a mobile phone in 2013.
She used the phone to help successfully run a retail business selling Chinese clothes and shampoos, arranging deliveries from wholesalers.
“It turned out we could make a way more money than our official salaries,” said Choi, who has since defected to South Korea, but declined to give her full name for fear of retribution against relatives still in the North.
In a survey this year of 126 North Korean defectors who had used mobile phones, more than 90 percent said cellphones improved their daily lives and about half said they used them for market activities.
“Millions of people are using mobile phones and need them to make a living or show off their wealth,” Organization for One Korea executive director Shin Mi-nyeo said. “Then their phone bills create huge income for the government.”
The South Korean support group for defectors conducted the poll.
Kim Bong-sik, a researcher at the Korea Information Society Development Institute in the South, said estimating revenues is difficult, but it is likely to be one of the state’s biggest earners given the scale of the business.
The two Pyongyang-branded smartphones examined by reporters are powered by chips from Taiwan’s MediaTek and run a version of Google’s Android operating system, along with the North Korean security software.
Advertisements for an Arirang-branded handset also claimed to use MediaTek chips.
The Pyongyang 2423 smartphone manufactured last year featured MediaTek’s MT6737 chipset and a slot for one SIM card and one memory card.
The memory card’s serial number showed it was produced by Japanese chipmaker Toshiba.
The device’s identification number showed the phone was manufactured by the Chinese firm Gionee, a maker of low-end smartphones.
Google said any hardware maker can use open-source Android software at no cost, meaning no export rules are being contravened with regards to North Korean smartphones.
MediaTek said in a statement that it had not shipped any products to North Korea, and was in full compliance with sanctions.
Toshiba also said the company had no business with North Korea.
Gionee did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
“North Korea cannot make phones without using foreign components and technology,” Kim Bong-sik said. “That means it is violating sanctions to keep running the business.”
Official customs data show North Korea imported US$82 million worth of mobile phones from China in 2017, the third-biggest import item after soybean oil and fabrics.
That number dropped to zero last year as sanctions bit, but while sanctions eliminated official imports, informal trade along the China-North Korea border appears to be ongoing, experts and defectors say.
William Brown, a retired US intelligence official who studies North Korea, said that mobile phone hardware parts “are very easily smuggled across the Chinese border.”
Intermediaries make it hard to find those responsible for breaching sanctions, he added.
China is North Korea’s sole major ally, and its mobile phone industry is crowded with little-known local smartphone manufacturers.
Chinese officials referred questions to the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which declined to comment.
China has repeatedly said it upholds UN sanctions, but has defended what it calls “normal trade” with North Korea.
Big Chinese telecommunications brands have previously supplied North Korea as well.
Huawei Technologies Co supplied 3G network equipment to the North after then-North Korean leader Kim Jong-il toured the Chinese tech giant in 2006, according to US Nautilus Institute and monitoring group 38North.
The US Department of Commerce has been investigating Huawei since 2016 and is reviewing whether the company contravened export control rules in relation to sanctions on North Korea, sources have said.
ZTE Corp agreed last year to pay a US$1 billion fine for violating US sanctions involving shipment of telecom equipment to Iran and North Korea.
Huawei and ZTE did not respond to requests for comment.
Additional reporting by Lee Yi-mou, Makiko Yamazaki, Paresh Dave, Ben Blanchard, Gao Liangping and Jiang Sijia
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