You do not need to spend much time in the presence of a small child and an iPhone to feel a little disconcerted: One-year-olds hypnotized by creepy Baby Shark ephemera on YouTube; two-year-olds who can swipe before they can talk; my own five-year-old trying to “pause” me when he goes to the toilet. “When can I get a phone?” he asks. His cousin has a phone, he likes to point out. She is four.
There is a small, fragile window when a child has no compulsion toward digital technology. Jenny, zero, has no idea what a phone is. Jenny is a baby. More than 1 million neural connections are being made in her brain each second, but, at 10 weeks old, she cannot yet see the full color spectrum or distinguish objects in perspective.
Yet her cocooned life has been substantially mediated by technology. A few weeks before Jenny was born, her mother, Aoife, downloaded a free “breastfeeding and baby tracker” app called Feed Baby and began playing around with it.
Illustration: Mountain People
The developer, Penguin Apps, describes it as “the only app you will need to care for your little one.” It has been downloaded more than 1 million times.
Before she had recognized her mother’s scent or gripped her finger, Jenny was emitting a rich stream of data.
“It’s really, really simple,” Aoife said from her home in County Kilkenny, Ireland.
“You set up your baby, you say when your due date was and when they were born. You can track when you’ve fed. If you’re breastfeeding, what side you’ve breastfed on and for how long. If you’re bottle feeding, how much formula they took. You can track a nappy, what was in the nappy. You can track sleep. If you’re giving medicine, how much medicine you give. You can track growth, you can track length and weight, teeth, baths. You can track everything,” she said.
Jenny is part of a generation whose entire lives will be quantified — sometimes all the way from conception, thanks to fertility tracking apps such as Kindara and Clue.
Aoife has graphs that show her how long Jenny has slept and how regular her “nappy events” were.
She used Feed Baby compulsively — following its cues, ignoring its ads — until one day in January, when she had a revelation.
“I was using this app so I would stop being so anxious, but the level of information it was giving me was making me way more anxious. As soon as I stopped using it, my confidence in my parenting abilities increased drastically,” she said.
Babytech is not something that people without babies think much about, but that does not mean tech people are not thinking about it: The app stores are full of products with names such as Baby Manager and Glow Baby Newborn Tracker.
At the Baby Show (the UK’s leading baby and pregnancy expo, which takes places in London and Birmingham), tech companies that specialize in tracking devices and wearables vied for space with more traditional brands such as the bottle manufacturer Tommee Tippee.
The event’s manager, Susanne Rauberger, said that technology not only helps parents feel “as connected to their baby as possible,” but also provides “reassurance and peace of mind.”
“Whereas previously we would have got this more from family and friends, we are using whatever tech we can,” she said. “It’s incredible to see how fast it has developed over the past five years.”
Among the products on show this year was Bluebell, a waterproof monitor that was developed by two former healthcare management consultants and a former British National Health Service (NHS) data analyst. It relays information (temperature, heart rate and so on) to a small screen that a parent wears on their wrist, alerting the wearer if the baby’s breathing rate falls, or if he or she rolls on to their front. It is to go on sale for £299 (US$394).
Also exhibiting is the latest version of Owlet, a baby sock that measures temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation and movement.
It has already become a must-have item among Hollywood parents: Actress Jessica Alba has revealed that, before buying the stocking for her youngest child, she had been getting up to listen to his breathing as often as every hour.
“Technology has definitely become a major theme in parenting, everything from software to hardware to data to artificial intelligence,” said Owlet’s chief executive, Utah-based father-of-three Kurt Workman. “Across the spectrum, investors are really keen to find companies that solve ‘pain points.’”
Forbes included Owlet on its list of the next billion-dollar start-ups in 2016; Workman has raised about US$50 million in venture capital.
Meanwhile, a Californian firm called Hatch Baby, which makes smart changing mats, has received an undisclosed investment from Amazon’s Alexa fund. Amazon is the world’s largest marketplace for baby products.
Another “parenting solutions” company in the same state, Happiest Baby, has announced US$23 million in funding for Snoo, a baby bed that claims to replicate conditions in the womb and promises to lull your baby into sleeping more.
It is a marketing truism that anxious people make great consumers — and there are few more anxious cohorts than new parents.
“There is nothing more important to me than my children. And there is no more important role in society than parent,” Workman said.
“But you go through more training to get a driver’s licence than you do to become a parent. Overnight, you’re a doctor and a nurse and a sleep trainer and a teacher. On top of parents being undereducated for the task, you also have a lot of risk. That’s an opportunity for technology,” he said.
Infant mortality rates have plummeted in the past century, but broader demographic trends mean parents now have fewer children, later in life and live farther from their families.
It is increasingly common for first-time mothers and fathers to hold their newborn and realize they have never done anything like it before. Where would we turn, but to our phones?
“Mothers are feeling increasingly responsible for the success of their families in an increasingly precarious world,” said Emily Chivers Yochim, the co-author of Mothering Through Precarity, a study of mothers’ phone use in the rust belt of Pennsylvania.
“We are in a broad political-economic-social-cultural wave, in which the state becomes more responsible for corporate well-being and less responsible for the well-being of its citizens. It feels like things could fall apart at any minute. Your finances can fall apart, your house can fall apart, you have to work really hard to make sure your kids get the best education — and digital media, phones in particular, step in to assuage that feeling,” she said.
Unsurprisingly, the mothers she observed turned to Google and Facebook first for questions such as: “Am I feeding the baby correctly?” and “What is this rash?”
To some extent, these are the modern equivalent of leaning over the garden fence or gossiping at the market.
However, Yochim said that the omnipresence of our phones changes the nature of these quotidian anxieties.
“We call it ‘the digital mundane,’ the idea that the digital is entering into your life even when you’re not asking for it. It’s one thing to pick up a parenting magazine for advice, say, and another thing for the advice to be constantly available in your pocket,” she said.
Another difference is that the answers with which Google and Facebook provide us are customized according to the private worries we feed into them.
“We’re under constant surveillance. All this data is picked up and fed back into a circuit that’s all about shaping our desires toward capital, commercial interest,” Yochim said.
It is worth stressing that the projections of Owlet’s future value are not based on the assumption that Workman will sell lots of £269 socks; they are based on the value of the data the socks will extract: oxygen levels, heart rate, geolocation, the lot.
I asked Workman why parents should trust him with all that data.
“You know, that’s a great question,” he said. “Honestly, around data, I am not the expert on how and where this is stored.”
Apparently, I would have to talk to one of his data guys about that.
However, Workman did emphasize that the video data from the baby monitor is not stored on the cloud and that Owlet puts a lot of effort into making sure data stay “protected and anonymous.”
He also hit back at some of the “negativity” around data at the moment.
“Generally, it’s a really wonderful thing that’s helping us understand more about infant health,” he said.
“We can create information about how a baby’s doing in the home and then use that data to run machine learning and build artificial intelligence. In some research studies, we can see when a baby’s getting sick before mum and dad notice. And we have probably the largest dataset of sleep ever collected. We’re starting to develop algorithms that can tell you the best time to put baby down for a nap. We can give parents the option to integrate that data with their sleep coach to provide a more automated care cycle,” Workman said.
Does he worry about undermining parents’ ability to make their own judgements?
“Do you have kids?” he shot back.
I have one.
“I don’t know if you’ve ever had one of those nights where your baby has a fever and you’re trying to decide whether to take him to hospital or to wait until the morning,” he said.
He told me that 90 percent of infant emergency room visits in the US are unnecessary; in Utah, at least, that sets you back about US$1,000.
“The argument that somehow the only thing we need is intuition from the parents — well, the data suggests we need to improve that,” he said.
There is little doubt that this technology can be helpful — life-saving, even.
Mary Wahl, a data scientist at Microsoft, lives in Los Angeles with her partner, Nick, and their newborn, Isaac. She tried using the Owlet sock on Isaac, but it kept falling off; she considers it an expensive mistake.
However, she does use an app called GrowBaby to keep track of feeds, sleeps and medicine, and said that digital technology has helped “fill the gaps” in her parenting knowledge.
“We only recently moved here from Boston, so we don’t have any family in this area and we don’t have parent friends yet. My parents are in their late 60s/early 70s anyway, and a lot of the information they had for parenting is no longer accurate. But we’ve been able to pick up a lot from YouTube videos,” Wahl said.
She is not particularly concerned about the data she is feeding into GrowBaby.
“I work in artificial intelligence. The idea of offering a product for free so you can build up a dataset that has commercial value is not anything new in my industry. For me, it’s a worthwhile trade-off in the same way that using Facebook or YouTube has been worthwhile,” Wahl said.
However, she is concerned about the way that apps “gamify” parenting.
“That’s a tendency in apps that try to build loyal usage. GrowBaby already has daily updates based on how many hours you’ve logged. I think that could push somebody to think more hours is better, more ounces is better, things that maybe would not have occurred to them to track so closely,” Wahl said.
Even if designers have the best intentions, they cannot predict the way their tech will be used.
Aisling O’Kane, a researcher in human-computer interaction at the University of Bristol, was part of a team that conducted an in-depth study of six British babies hooked up to Owlet socks when the device was introduced in 2016.
“It’s hard to say categorically whether it’s good or it’s bad,” she said. “But it is not a neutral device.”
The Owlet changed the type of information parents gathered about their children, which changed the way they interacted with them.
Some became obsessively engaged in the data, O’Kane said. “Just collecting data for its own sake.”
Some devised games based around the Owlet — trying to guess what the baby’s heart rate was, based on how much it was wriggling, for example.
One couple “censored” the data, refusing to allow the child’s grandparents access to the app.
There were moments where it came in extremely handy: monitoring a child after a vaccination, say, or quelling the midnight panic that follows a choking fit.
However, while the information helped ease “situational anxiety,” it had different effects on what you could call ambient anxiety.
“What you’ve done with the Owlet is create a digital version of your child,” O’Kane said. “One of the mothers suffered from postpartum anxiety and she always used to get up in the middle of the night and put her hand on her baby to check that he was breathing. Once we gave her the Owlet, she was happy to tell us she wasn’t doing that any more — she was just checking her phone. And she saw that as a positive. I don’t know if we would interpret it as that positive. Proximity and touch in the first few months of life is incredibly important.”
Yochim said that parents — particularly mothers — should be given a break when it comes to screen time; our phones have scores of functions, many of them beneficial.
“But I also think that we all need to be really cognizant of the way that digital culture is designed to keep us tethered all the time,” she said. “We trade our data for a sense of control, but we’re never actually going to have control. Life isn’t like that. And, in trading that, we trade our ability to be in unmediated relationships with our kids. The relationship becomes embedded in consumer corporate culture.”
However, the advance of technology seems implacable. Even if you have qualms about turning your child into a real-life Tamagotchi, it is hard to make an argument for not buying a product that might save your child’s life.
No one wants to make an unnecessary visit to emergency room if they can help it — and it is not in the NHS’ interest, either. This is part of the logic driving the doctors who developed the Bluebell monitor.
“I used to report a lot of health metrics for the NHS — SIDS [sudden infant death syndrome], postnatal depression, obesity — so I had a fairly good understanding of these issues,” said Romi Mathews, one of the co-founders of the device.
“And when I became a dad, I did not realize that parenting would be so difficult. My parents are in India, I had limited support from family and friends. Then my son, he was born with eczema and he had allergies, so we had a lot of difficult challenges with being first-time parents,” Mathews said.
He returned to work after two weeks and bought his wife a baby monitor.
“But the traditional audio-media monitor is a very inconvenient solution. You carry this big device with you around the house, the battery dies in a few hours, then you have these long wires,” he said.
I could not help smiling when he said “traditional” monitor. Baby monitors have been widely used for only a decade or so. My partner and I managed without one; so did every generation of humans before us.
However, he does not catch my drift.
“The baby is the most precious thing,” Mathews said. “You always want to make sure the baby’s fine.”
As for whether the technology adds to parents’ anxieties, he said that the Bluebell is the only wearable that extends the monitoring to the mother: The wristband tracks parents’ sleep and includes a pedometer to measure movement.
“I was thinking about my wife as well, because mums are equally important,” Mathews said. “One in four mothers suffer from depression and about 65 percent to 70 percent of mums gain weight after birth. I used to work on all these figures when I was in the NHS. I was thinking, if there was a solution that could track the mother and the baby as well — wouldn’t that be a much greater solution?”
He did not specify how or why the wristband might help with weight gain.
However, he did tell me that the team can combine all the data from Bluebell with machine learning and expert medical advice to provide personalized advice to each parent.
I said it sounds very much like he is trying to program parents to be better parents, babies to be better babies, patients to be better patients.
“Yeah!” he said.
Nevertheless, he was wary of making unsubstantiated claims: Mathews said that Bluebell is a consumer device, not a medical one.
In her sleep-haunted early weeks of motherhood, Aoife found that her “digital baby” was providing her with more questions than answers.
There were discrepancies: One screen would tell her Jenny had slept for 20 hours; another would say 12 hours. While the app she was using did not set targets, some information was displayed in a red font.
“It always made me wonder if they were trying to indicate that there was something to be concerned about, which didn’t help with any anxiety I had,” she said.
She had little idea what to do with the information the app was giving her.
“I would go: ‘Oh, the length of time she’s sleeping is declining, is she getting enough sleep?’ Then I’d Google it: ‘My eight-week-old is sleeping 16 hours a day, is this normal?’ I would then look for other sources. The data from the app was making me question things: ‘Is this right? Is this not right?’” she said.
She also felt compelled to feed her phone data, feeling intense pangs when she neglected it.
“Sometimes I got my breastfeed pillow, settled Jenny down and then I wouldn’t be able to find my phone. I would prioritize finding my phone, so I could put the information in the app, before I would feed Jenny. That makes me feel sick to my stomach now,” she said.
Aoife ended up going cold turkey after her first visit to a parenting group.
Embarrassed to whip out her phone in front of the other parents, she let Jenny eat and sleep without tracking it.
“And, unsurprisingly, she survived just fine!” Aoife said.
Driving home, she resolved to get rid of the app.
“Now, I’ll be feeding her and look down and she’s just looking up at me, smiling. If I was on my phone, I would be missing that,” Aoife said.
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