Protecting, cleaning and maintaining nature-based systems, such as peatlands, wetlands and oceans is the key to achieving climate neutrality, which is necessary to keep global warming below 2°C
Wetlands, forests and oceans absorb and store carbon, which makes them a vital asset for countries pursuing the Paris climate agreement’s targets for reducing carbon emissions. So how can we use them most effectively?
The Paris accord was concluded by 196 governments in December last year and came into force earlier this month. Its signatories are currently meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, for the annual UN climate change conference. Several conference events specifically focus on how countries can use natural systems to meet their carbon emissions-reduction targets.
While the climate-change challenge is immense, so, too, is the opportunity to accelerate sustainable development and ensure a better future for everyone on the planet. Under the Paris agreement, governments have committed to reducing their carbon emissions drastically to keep global warming below 2°C. The vast majority of signatory countries have already presented national action plans for achieving this goal and these plans are likely to become more ambitious over time.
These Nationally Determined Contributions include renewable-energy targets and proposals for sustainable transportation, energy efficiency and education. In addition, countries should consider adopting policies to manage natural capital better. The Paris agreement itself recognizes the important role that natural ecosystems play in limiting the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and governments should not neglect such powerful tools.
Governments need to take action to conserve existing ecosystems — and restore and expand degraded ecosystems — in people-friendly ways. This is particularly true of wetlands, which include all land areas — such as lakes, floodplains, peatlands, mangroves and coral reefs — that are covered with water, either seasonally or permanently.
PEATLANDS
Peatlands are particularly important. Though they cover only 3 percent of the world’s total surface area, they store twice as much carbon as all forests combined. Peatland soils are composed of carbon — in the form of decomposed plant material — that has accumulated for thousands of years; and when peatlands are drained or burned, that carbon is released into the atmosphere. In fact, draining peatlands releases two times more carbon into the atmosphere than the aviation industry does.
Last year, fires raged across Indonesia’s forested peatlands, raising concerns worldwide about how much carbon was being released into the atmosphere, to say nothing of the far-reaching health effects. The Indonesian government estimates that peatland fires and deforestation alone account for more than 60 percent of the nation’s total greenhouse-gas emissions.
Conserving and restoring peatlands could significantly reduce global carbon emissions, which is why, last year, the Nordic Council of Ministers announced a commitment to preserve the region’s peatlands. Almost half of Nordic countries’ peatlands have been lost and this ecosystem degradation contributes 25 percent to their total carbon emissions.
The Paris agreement entered fully into force in less than a year. This indicates that there is global momentum for concrete action to address the causes of climate change, as well as its effects, such as the disastrous floods, water shortages and droughts already afflicting many countries.
NATURAL SYSTEMS
That sense of urgency is not surprising. According to UN-Water, 90 percent of all natural hazards are water-related, and they are likely to increase in frequency and intensity as climate change worsens.
However, natural systems can mitigate them: Wetlands act as sponges that reduce flooding and delay the onset of droughts; and mangroves, salt marshes and coral reefs all act as buffers that protect against storm surges. Moreover, wetlands, oceans and forests do far more than just absorb and store carbon; they also provide fresh water and are a food source for nearly 3 billion people.
Countries have a ready-made platform that they can use for their future wetland-conservation efforts. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, an intergovernmental treaty in which 169 countries have committed to conserve and sustainably manage their wetlands, is an ideal vehicle to help them reach their carbon-reduction targets, as well as meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.
The Paris agreement’s long-term objective is to achieve climate neutrality — no net greenhouse-gas emissions — in the second half of this century. Climate neutrality is necessary to keep global warming below 2°C; to reach it, we must reduce emissions to the point that they can be fully and easily absorbed by nature. This was the natural cycle for millions of years before anthropogenic climate change began.
Climate neutrality can be achieved through political willpower, imaginative policies, new “green” technologies and clean-energy sources, and a US multitrillion-dollar shift in investment toward sustainable economic sectors and infrastructure.
In addition, these measures’ success requires cost-effective investment in conservation efforts and expansion of natural capital. Only nature-based systems such as wetlands and forests can truly guarantee success — and a clean, prosperous future.
Martha Rojas-Urrego is secretary-general of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Patricia Espinosa is executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Copyright: Project Syndicate
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