The Cold War is over, and if it was about communism, then communism is dead. It is dead, certainly, as far as any nations that claim the Marxist-Leninist version of it. To be sure, a few nations like Laos and Vietnam still list it as their ideology, but most of the nations that laid claim to represent the principles of “from each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs” are nowhere near that mark.
Look down the list of “communist nations”: the Soviet Union and its former satellites of Poland, East Germany, etc., as well as China, Cuba and the others. Where are they now? In each, the past catchphrases of proletariat, bourgeois, comrade, etc. appear to represent a bygone era.
The nations that once avowed Marxist-Leninist ideals and principles have gradually morphed into one-party state dictatorships, where, despite any proposed socialist bent, most have steered toward oligarchies with new people on top. So what is up?
George Orwell provides some insight. He pegged the eventual demise of Soviet Union and the goals of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution with his 1945 allegorical work Animal Farm. Even in 1945, the socialist Orwell noted the overriding influence of the ambition, personality and character of Joseph Stalin and his supporters.
Sure, the Russian tsar and his family were overthrown and replaced, but as in Orwell’s allegory, the pigs stepped forward and as the remaining animals looked on at the end, they had trouble distinguishing the pigs that replaced “Mr Jones” from the other humans.
Orwell’s work could easily have been written to also later apply to the People’s Republic of China, which, under Mao Zedong (毛澤東), and his coterie, came out on top in the Chinese Civil War. That civil war had also begun shortly after the overthrow of a different dynasty, that of the Manchu Empire.
How, then, to separate a claimed ideology and its goals from nationhood and the personal goals, ambitions and megalomania of subsequent national leaders? Mao in his ambition would drag the “new” China through the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, during which he would purge his own supporters to root out “the old.”
However, it would take the pragmatic Deng Xiaoping (鄧小平) with his “who cares if it is a black cat or a white cat” economic approach to give the nation a more capitalistic bent and rescue it economically.
And thus, at the end of the day, the result is that the three leading nations with the most millionaires and billionaires are the US, China and Russia. It is unlikely that the goals of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin were to create an additional two nations with the highest number of billionaires and millionaires. Certainly, in all cases the proletariat does not seem to have gained that much better control over the “surplus of its labor” than it previously had.
In each revolution, the individual human factor of greed and the will to rule are too often left out in academic discussions of ideological importance in a nation’s growth and development. What checks and balances are missing?
Today, the growing influence of the global economy continues and the dialectic between Marxist-Leninist thought and capitalism did not end with a capitalistic victory. A new dialectic has developed. If the new world order is global, then it has a new dialectic distinction. It is not so much that of class, but rather that of international corporations and the “haves and have-nots.” This dialectic is about the growing consciousness of the divide between the 98 percent and the 2 percent, no matter what nation people are in.
This disparity that must be addressed in almost all nations raises a different question: Is this imbalance best solved by a form of democracy or that of a one-party state?
Most developing nations cannot follow the path of any of the “big three” — the US, Russia and China — the size alone of these three gives them advantages and resources that other nations do not possess. A different role model in the medium-sized range is needed.
Enter Taiwan, a nation that has been through more twists and turns in the past century than most others as it went from Japanese Empire to one-party state Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) colonialism, the martial law and the White Terror era to a functioning democracy.
This mid-sized nation has a population larger than about 75 percent of the nations in the UN. It also is no “animal farm.” It threw off the KMT that in the parlance of the public were “the pigs that had replaced the Japanese dogs.”
The importance of Taiwan studies takes relevance here; it should not be simply on Taiwan, but rather on lessons gleaned from the potential role model position of a nation that, in addition to achieving a democracy, remains fiscally better off than 75 percent of the other nations in the world.
Taiwan had been free from any past dominant Communist influence not so much because of the KMT, which fled from China after losing the Chinese Civil War. When the 1917 Bolshevik revolution took place in Russia, Taiwan was a thriving part of the Japanese Empire and Japan had always kept Communist influence at bay.
When Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石) and the KMT came to Taiwan, Communist sympathizers and revolutionaries no doubt followed, but Taiwan was no Chinese Hainan. The KMT one-party state repression that followed earned it the reputation of “killing 100 Taiwanese to find one Communist.”
Economically, Taiwan easily remains in the top 15 to 20 percent of all nations in the world, with a healthcare plan that covers 98 percent of its people. It has done this despite having had to overcome a certain “pariah status” brought on by China in its efforts to keep Taiwan out of the world picture and world organizations.
Taiwan’s democracy possesses a unique identity in the world and in the new world order. As a nation with an export-driven economy, it offers much to be studied, particularly in how nations should address issues of haves and have-nots in a global world. It has chosen the democratic path where the people do not make policy over the barrel of a gun and they can change leaders with ballots, not bullets.
Taiwan is not perfect and it certainly is not resting on any laurels. It has its share of challenges. Nonetheless, its success and efforts and direction provide a new look and direction for studies.
What the study of Taiwan reveals is a nation that threw off the one-party state and 40 years of KMT martial law and the White Terror era to not only become a nation that is fiscally better off than 75 percent of the nations of the world, but one that is a thriving democracy. This is what gives the importance to Taiwan studies and the need to give Taiwan more space on the world stage.
Jerome Keating is a writer based in Taipei.
Could Asia be on the verge of a new wave of nuclear proliferation? A look back at the early history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which recently celebrated its 75th anniversary, illuminates some reasons for concern in the Indo-Pacific today. US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin recently described NATO as “the most powerful and successful alliance in history,” but the organization’s early years were not without challenges. At its inception, the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty marked a sea change in American strategic thinking. The United States had been intent on withdrawing from Europe in the years following
My wife and I spent the week in the interior of Taiwan where Shuyuan spent her childhood. In that town there is a street that functions as an open farmer’s market. Walk along that street, as Shuyuan did yesterday, and it is next to impossible to come home empty-handed. Some mangoes that looked vaguely like others we had seen around here ended up on our table. Shuyuan told how she had bought them from a little old farmer woman from the countryside who said the mangoes were from a very old tree she had on her property. The big surprise
The issue of China’s overcapacity has drawn greater global attention recently, with US Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen urging Beijing to address its excess production in key industries during her visit to China last week. Meanwhile in Brussels, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen last week said that Europe must have a tough talk with China on its perceived overcapacity and unfair trade practices. The remarks by Yellen and Von der Leyen come as China’s economy is undergoing a painful transition. Beijing is trying to steer the world’s second-largest economy out of a COVID-19 slump, the property crisis and
As former president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) wrapped up his visit to the People’s Republic of China, he received his share of attention. Certainly, the trip must be seen within the full context of Ma’s life, that is, his eight-year presidency, the Sunflower movement and his failed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, as well as his eight years as Taipei mayor with its posturing, accusations of money laundering, and ups and downs. Through all that, basic questions stand out: “What drives Ma? What is his end game?” Having observed and commented on Ma for decades, it is all ironically reminiscent of former US president Harry