A new paper published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters by Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis concludes that the 2012-to-last-year drought in California was its most intense in at least 1,200 years.
The study used drought reconstructions from tree-ring cores, from the North American Drought Atlas and from cores Griffin and Anchukaitis collected from blue oak trees in southern and central California. Blue oak tree ring widths are particularly sensitive to moisture changes.
“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” Griffin said.
Illustration: Lance Liu
The study compared current drought conditions in California with those reconstructed over the past 1,200 years using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), an estimate of available soil moisture. The data showed that California is experiencing its most intense drought in over a millennium.
“The current event is the most severe drought in the last 1,200 years, with single year [last year] and accumulated moisture deficits worse than any previous continuous span of dry years… In terms of cumulative severity, it is the worst drought on record [minus-14.55 cumulative PDSI], more extreme than longer [four-to-nine-year] droughts,” the study said.
What is interesting is that the blue oak data showed that while precipitation levels in California have been low over the past three years, the levels have not been unprecedented.
However, at the same time as California has been getting little rain, it has also experienced record hot temperatures. It is the heat that has pushed the drought into unprecedented territory.
Griffin and Anchukaitis said: “Temperature could have exacerbated the 2014 drought by approximately 36 percent… These observations from the paleoclimate record suggest that high temperatures have combined with the low, but not yet exceptional precipitation deficits to create the worst short-term drought of the last millennium for the state of California… Future severe droughts are expected to be in part driven by anthropogenic influences and temperatures outside the range of the last millennium.”
Another new paper also published in Geophysical Research Letters by University of California, Irvine scientists likewise recognizes the extreme and unprecedented nature of California’s current drought, and focuses on the risks that these events pose in the present and future.
“Despite the well-recognized interdependence between temperature and precipitation … little attention has been paid to risk analysis of concurrent extreme droughts and heatwaves… We argue that the global warming and the associated increase in extreme temperatures substantially increase the chance of concurrent droughts and heatwaves,” they wrote.
As the authors note, at issue is the fact that humans are causing temperatures to rise. Thus, although droughts will always happen naturally, as studies have shown, they become more intense in a warmer world. The combination of dry, hot weather is set to create bigger risks for Californians.
Climate scientist Michael Mann nicely summarized the ways that humans might have contributed to the California drought.
“In fact, there are at least three different mechanisms that are potentially relevant to the connection between the 2013-2014 California drought and human-caused climate change,” he said.
“There is the impact of climate change on the pattern of sea surface temperature [SST] off the [US’] west coast. One recent study suggests that climate change favors an SST pattern in the North Pacific that increases the incidence of the atmospheric circulation pattern responsible for the current drought,” Mann said.
“Then there is the marked decrease in Arctic sea ice due to global warming. Studies going back more than a decade show that reduced Arctic sea ice may also favor such an atmospheric circulation pattern. More recent work by Jennifer Francis of Rutgers provides independent support for that mechanism,” he said.
“Finally, there is the effect of global warming on soil moisture. All other things being equal, warming of soils leads to greater rates of evaporation and drying. This mechanism leads to worsened drought even if rainfall patterns are unchanged,” he said.
There has been some confusion about the human influence on the drought because two studies published this year did not find a connection to the lack of rainfall. However, as Mann noted, those studies did not consider the three mechanisms listed above. They were incomplete. On the other hand, two other studies that considered the first factor did find a connection.
A high pressure ridge sitting off California’s coast for several years (known as the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” for its persistence) has been a primary factor contributing to the low levels of precipitation. The ridge has pushed storms north of California, leaving the state dry.
A study led by Stanford University’s Noah Diffenbaugh used modeling and statistics to find that these sorts of persistent high-pressure ridges are more likely to sit off California’s coast in the presence of high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Another paper published this year by Simon Wang and colleagues similarly concluded that human-caused global warming is changing conditions in the Pacific Ocean that make these high-pressure ridges off the coast stronger, thus intensifying droughts in California.
In short, it appears that humans are contributing to the strength of high pressure ridges off California’s coast, which will tend to reduce the amount of precipitation in the state. High temperatures exacerbate these dry conditions by increasing evaporation, soil dryness, and water demand. According to Griffin and Anchukaitis, the record heat intensified the drought by about 36 percent, leading to exceptional drought conditions unprecedented in the past 1,200 years.
The drought alone is anticipated to cost California more than US$2 billion this year. On top of that, heat and drought also create conditions ripe for wildfires; another major problem for California. As expected, California also saw an intense wildfire season last year, blowing well through its firefighting budget. Now that the state is finally seeing some significant rainfall this month, those wildfires created conditions conducive to flooding and mudslides.
As a major agricultural producer, this extreme weather in California impacts the entire US and the world. However, it is also giving a glimpse at the risks the world faces if mankind fails to curb global warming.
Heatwaves, droughts, floods, wildfires, and other types of extreme weather are becoming more intense due to human-caused global warming. The longer the world waits to cut carbon pollution and slow global warming, the more extreme the weather and its impacts are set to become.
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