Three women enslaved in an ordinary London house for 30 years: This is shocking. However, it should not be a surprise. In the modern world, the trade in human slaves is booming — indeed, by some calculations, slaves alive today outnumber those stolen from Africa from the 16th through the 19th centuries.
In the ancient world, slavery was an unquestioned fact of everyday life, essential to the economy and society of most early civilizations. It developed after the emergence of three ideas: the concept of personal property; the realization that humans, like domesticated animals, could enhance an individual’s industry; and the principle of nations, which led to the possibility of peoples at war, and therefore prisoners of war, who were then used as slaves. In early African societies, slaves were a symbol of power, wealth and status. The slaves were prisoners of war, debtors and criminals, used for domestic purposes, rather than commercial gain.
In 1444, a few hundred men, women and children were grabbed from the African coast by the Portuguese, baptized on arrival in Portugal, and sold by public auction. By 1460, 1,000 African slaves were imported annually.
The subsequent plunder of the new world’s natural resources meant a labor force was needed for the gold and silver mines (and later plantations). Slave hunters turned to the UK, and for a while, the streets of Bristol, in southwest England, proved dangerous territory for the young and gullible after dark.
However, the slaves of Africa distinguished themselves. They were skilled craftsmen, knew how to domesticate animals and were immune to European diseases. In 1518, the Spanish government issued a contract to a Flemish merchant, authorizing him to deliver 4,000 African slaves annually to Spanish colonies. In Brazil, the Portuguese reached the same conclusions: They had to have slaves; they had to come from Africa.
The engine for the transatlantic slave trade had started. It was the largest international business of the time, with African slaves providing the labor that drove a new global financial system. It transformed the world, and our view of slaves and slavery, which became equated with Africa. Before the transatlantic trade, there was no apparent racial dynamic; as the trade developed, a racist ideology emerged to justify it.
England entered the slave trade late, but become the largest slaving nation on Earth. Everyone was involved: royalty, parliamentarians, churchmen, the celebrities of the age.
The campaign to end the slave trade was the first human rights campaign of its kind, and set the template for all such campaigns. In 1833, 180 years ago, the British parliament passed a bill making slavery illegal. Slavery was dealt a blow. However, it has recovered well.
Kevin Bales, lead researcher on the Global Slavery Index published last month, has calculated that the price of a slave (on average US$90) is at a historic low. Although slavery is illegal everywhere, Bales says 29.8 million people are trapped in slavery — in debt bondage, slave labor, sex trafficking, forced labor or domestic servitude. This compares with the estimated 12.5 million sent across the Atlantic to the Americas and the Caribbean — though, of course, the impact of transatlantic slavery over centuries cannot be downplayed.
Globalization has seen the modern slave trade grow rapidly. It is easier than ever for traffickers to move “product” around the world. Technological changes have led to an increase in global organized crime, while the end of the Cold War has weakened border controls. In 2005, it was estimated that regional conflicts and mass economic migration had caused 190 million people to move away from their country of birth. Human trafficking is easier in these conditions. And it is not hard to understand why it is popular with criminals: low start-up costs, minimal risks, high profits. Unlike drugs or arms, humans can be sold and sold again.
In 2010, the UK’s Anti-Slavery Day was introduced, and awareness of modern-day slavery is growing. However, much still needs to be done.
British Prime Minister David Cameron maintains that human trafficking is an important issue for the British government, which in August announced that a slavery bill will be unveiled in the next Queen’s speech (which outlines the government’s agenda on the first day of a new parliamentary session in the UK). British Member of Parliament Frank Field is chairing an informal inquiry ahead of the bill that has to be completed by Christmas. Finally, things seem to be moving.
However, new visa restrictions introduced by British Home Secretary Theresa May tie migrant domestic workers to their employers, making them more at risk of abuse — and less likely to report abuse that does occur, because the result will be certain deportation and probable destitution.
Campaign groups have outlined other areas that could be improved: a smarter national referral mechanism to ensure that trafficked people are able to access services; wider scope for the Gangmasters Licensing Authority, as it regulates those who supply labor or use workers to provide a host of services; support for victims; and an independent watchdog. Above all, the bill must be backed by ringfenced resources so that law enforcement agencies can do their job. Without this, the UK’s newly formed law enforcement agency targeting organized crime, the National Crime Agency, will always be a step behind.
As the three women who were freed last week begin their recovery, the rest of us must get over the shock of discovering that slaves may be living next door, and get on with the campaign to end modern slavery.
Could Asia be on the verge of a new wave of nuclear proliferation? A look back at the early history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which recently celebrated its 75th anniversary, illuminates some reasons for concern in the Indo-Pacific today. US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin recently described NATO as “the most powerful and successful alliance in history,” but the organization’s early years were not without challenges. At its inception, the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty marked a sea change in American strategic thinking. The United States had been intent on withdrawing from Europe in the years following
My wife and I spent the week in the interior of Taiwan where Shuyuan spent her childhood. In that town there is a street that functions as an open farmer’s market. Walk along that street, as Shuyuan did yesterday, and it is next to impossible to come home empty-handed. Some mangoes that looked vaguely like others we had seen around here ended up on our table. Shuyuan told how she had bought them from a little old farmer woman from the countryside who said the mangoes were from a very old tree she had on her property. The big surprise
The issue of China’s overcapacity has drawn greater global attention recently, with US Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen urging Beijing to address its excess production in key industries during her visit to China last week. Meanwhile in Brussels, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen last week said that Europe must have a tough talk with China on its perceived overcapacity and unfair trade practices. The remarks by Yellen and Von der Leyen come as China’s economy is undergoing a painful transition. Beijing is trying to steer the world’s second-largest economy out of a COVID-19 slump, the property crisis and
Ursula K. le Guin in The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas proposed a thought experiment of a utopian city whose existence depended on one child held captive in a dungeon. When taken to extremes, Le Guin suggests, utilitarian logic violates some of our deepest moral intuitions. Even the greatest social goods — peace, harmony and prosperity — are not worth the sacrifice of an innocent person. Former president Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁), since leaving office, has lived an odyssey that has brought him to lows like Le Guin’s dungeon. From late 2008 to 2015 he was imprisoned, much of this