The global economy is currently a tale of two worlds. A buoyant East contrasts with a fragile West. The difference is highlighted not just in the economic data, but also in the monetary policies being pursued around the globe.
Across a growing number of emerging market economies, central banks are becoming more concerned about how soon and how fast they should tighten monetary policy.
Perhaps most telling are the recent rate increases in India and Brazil, two major developing economies where prospects look good. However, there are many others who are tightening as they face the challenges of economic recovery. In Asia, in the past month alone, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia have joined India in raising rates. Of these, it was the first rate hike in the cycle for Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. In contrast, India and Malaysia have been hiking for some time.
This does not mean that central banks in the West should tighten too; far from it. They face downside, not upside risks. The US, the UK and the eurozone need to keep rates as low as possible for as long as possible. Indeed, given the fragile state of their recoveries, the central banks in the West may have to do even more, through quantitative easing. The contrast with the emerging world could not be starker.
Whichever country one considers, the outlook tends to depend on the interaction between the fundamentals, policy and confidence. The fundamentals in the East are far better than in the West. Meanwhile, the current pressures on both policy and confidence contrast significantly.
There are, of course, some emerging economies where monetary policy is being eased, Sri Lanka and Ghana being examples, and South Africa looks set to ease further. And even across Asia there is speculation that Vietnam, which was among the first to hike late last year, may need to ease. So local factors clearly need to be taken into account. However, even allowing for this, the broader picture is one of differences between the West and the East.
In the West, a double dip recession is the worry, as the impact of last year’s policy stimulus is fading and the private sector is not taking up the slack. To add to the gloom, the tightening of fiscal policy across Europe may ease market worries about sovereign risk but, possibly, at the expense of making a double-dip more likely.
The world economy has been recovering since facing the abyss in the spring of last year. Global trade has also rebounded sharply since hitting bottom in May last year. Yet, an economic correction in the second half of this year always looked likely as the policy boost of last year wore off and as the inventory correction that has been taking place ran its course.
As a result, this is what one might call a below-par recovery. Normally at this stage of a recovery, momentum builds up and confidence rises. Instead, in the West, the summer has seen a period of uncertainty, triggering volatility across markets.
Although it is important not to panic, tightening fiscal policy is a risk. A double dip in the global economy is not guaranteed, but one needs to recognize the contrasting challenges facing different parts of the world. The overhang of debt and the scale of deleveraging will constrain growth in the West for some time. The emerging economies, especially those driven by exports, are not decoupled from events in the West, but they are better insulated. Indeed this is what we saw during the crisis as Asia, for instance, was hit by the slump in global trade, but has since rebounded. Growth opportunities in the East look far better.
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