When he took office in 1961, former US president John Kennedy swept new style, youth, energy, liberalism and good looks into American politics that captivated not only a generation of young people but also the country's newest medium -- television.
Kennedy's election as the country's only Catholic and youngest president, at 43, broke the first of many political taboos that had kept blacks, women, non-Protestants and Hispanics out of national politics.
In the 40 years since his assassination on Nov. 22, 1963, all those barriers, and then some, have fallen, pushed by the social activism and upheavals of the 1960s that Kennedy helped not only to inspire by example, but also to provoke by setting in motion the reviled US war in Vietnam.
ILLUSTRATION: MOUNTAIN PEOPLE
The main message that got through to American youth, however, was the social engagement of Kennedy's Peace Corps and the scientific striving that finally, after his death, put the first man on the moon.
Both involved sacrifice, he warned.
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country," Kennedy told the country in his inaugural address in possibly his most famous quote.
The election of this privileged son of Joseph Kennedy also brought a fashion-conscious 31-year-old wife, Jacqueline, into the White House to redecorate and restore much of its lost history. She sparked redevelopment in a shabby-looking capital city and inspired women to wear pill-box hats and dresses with sleek lines.
Gone were the frumpy curls and fussy floral dresses of Mamie Eisenhower and her World War II hero of a husband, general Dwight Eisenhower. Both were born in the previous century, in the 1890s.
"It was a generational change," said Stephen Hess, an analyst at Brookings Institution, a private think tank in Washington.
"It was exciting and captured not only the imagination of the American people but also certainly of the world, Europe, Latin America," Hess said.
While the Kennedy clan brought glamour to politics, analysts have been less congratulatory of Kennedy's administration. Kennedy did face down an ever-expanding Soviet communism in Cuba and Berlin, led the country out of the Cuban missile crisis and renewed good will in Europe.
But he also bungled the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, set the nation on its disastrous path to Vietnam and failed to carry through on Eisenhower's desegregation momentum. It was up to his successor, Lyndon Johnson, to push through the "Great Society" war on poverty and civil rights legislation.
"In retrospect, [Kennedy's administration] was not an exceptional presidency," Hess said. "It was style over substance. Most of what people remember about it now is his death."
The media dubbed Kennedy's White House years "Camelot" after King Arthur's mythical realm. Entertainers, singers, Nobel laureates and artists came to dine with Jackie and Jack in a White House Renaissance of ideas and culture.
"It brought a type of energy and excitement and enthusiasm that the nation hadn't seen for some time," Hess said.
Camelot crashed with the assassination, plunging the country into a grief intensified through coverage by the newest medium, television. Millions mourned in their living rooms, gathered around an unprecedented week of live broadcasts leading to Kennedy's funeral.
Schools closed, and children watched the unforgettable details of the funeral that Jackie Kennedy, image conscious even in mourning, had planned: Kennedy's small son, John, saluting the casket, which was drawn by a riderless horse with upside-down boots in the stirrups and the playing of the Navy hymn, reminding the nation of Kennedy's heroism as a World War II Navy officer.
Kennedy's rise to fame went hand in hand with his mastery of the new medium of television and the country's first live broadcast of candidate debates in 1960. He used his good looks and self-assurance to manage the tension and klieg lights, trumping over a nervous, sweating Republican opponent, Richard Nixon.
The performance was credited with winning Kennedy many votes in a close election. It was also a media watershed, turning politicians and reporters down the path of sound-bite journalism.
Kennedy's myth has been tarnished in recent years by revelations of his use of amphetamines, steroids and pain killers he took for health problems and of saucy sexual romps. Who can forget Marilyn Monroe singing a sultry Happy Birthday to the president?
Journalist Seymour Hersh's The Dark Side of Camelot met with less than critical acclaim in 1997 for a lack of documentation and footnotes about Kennedy's alleged sexual dalliances.
But Robert Dallek in An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917- 1963, published this year, received family permission to write about never-publicized details of Kennedy's illnesses -- and won praise from historians.
Most seriously, Kennedy suffered from the potentially fatal Addison's disease -- a rare hormonal disorder involving insufficient adrenaline that caused muscle weakness and fatigue.
He also was plagued by colitis and arthritis and took corticosteroids, amphetamines, pain killers and sleeping pills -- up to eight medications a day, Dallek wrote.
Kennedy's chief advisers, including Theodore Sorensen, deny that the medical cocktail influenced the president's decision-making ability. But the revelations have raised questions once again about how much the public should know about their elected leaders.
Could Asia be on the verge of a new wave of nuclear proliferation? A look back at the early history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which recently celebrated its 75th anniversary, illuminates some reasons for concern in the Indo-Pacific today. US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin recently described NATO as “the most powerful and successful alliance in history,” but the organization’s early years were not without challenges. At its inception, the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty marked a sea change in American strategic thinking. The United States had been intent on withdrawing from Europe in the years following
My wife and I spent the week in the interior of Taiwan where Shuyuan spent her childhood. In that town there is a street that functions as an open farmer’s market. Walk along that street, as Shuyuan did yesterday, and it is next to impossible to come home empty-handed. Some mangoes that looked vaguely like others we had seen around here ended up on our table. Shuyuan told how she had bought them from a little old farmer woman from the countryside who said the mangoes were from a very old tree she had on her property. The big surprise
The issue of China’s overcapacity has drawn greater global attention recently, with US Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen urging Beijing to address its excess production in key industries during her visit to China last week. Meanwhile in Brussels, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen last week said that Europe must have a tough talk with China on its perceived overcapacity and unfair trade practices. The remarks by Yellen and Von der Leyen come as China’s economy is undergoing a painful transition. Beijing is trying to steer the world’s second-largest economy out of a COVID-19 slump, the property crisis and
As former president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) wrapped up his visit to the People’s Republic of China, he received his share of attention. Certainly, the trip must be seen within the full context of Ma’s life, that is, his eight-year presidency, the Sunflower movement and his failed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, as well as his eight years as Taipei mayor with its posturing, accusations of money laundering, and ups and downs. Through all that, basic questions stand out: “What drives Ma? What is his end game?” Having observed and commented on Ma for decades, it is all ironically reminiscent of former US president Harry