SARS seems to have left us. In the last few days the hustle and bustle of Taiwan has returned and political invective has sprung up once again. Although many public places still continue to take body temperatures at their doors, we are in a better frame of mind to gradually accept it as a routine practice and the tense atmosphere is no longer present.
Is it possible that SARS will have no ripple effect from now on? Chiu Hei-yuan, a professor of sociology at National Taiwan University, raised this question at a workshop on "risk management and social reconstruction in the post-SARS period," sponsored by the National Youth Commission and the National Association for the Promotion of Community Universities.
If Taiwan cannot sort out the valuable experience of how the government and the people can work together on epidemic prevention, will we panic and repeat past failures should SARS strike us again in the fall?
In several workshops of a similar kind held recently, no expert or academic from any domain dared to take it lightly. Whether they look at the situation systemically -- dealing with public health, medical care and epidemic prevention -- or proactively -- dealing with information dissemination, mobilization of resources and community participation -- they believed that in-depth innovative reforms must be implemented in order to set up a comprehensive system. This will offer proper preparation for the "risk society."
Indeed, it is possible that the experts' "inventory of knowledge" may completely lose efficacy in the face of challenges from new risks. This can increase the difficulty of risk perception, risk identification, risk calculation, risk assessment and even risk control. It can also make the public's confidence in the government waver, thereby increasing the dangers of uncertainty in modern times.
In the case of SARS, the lack of risk awareness among the nation's medical workers created not only a weak spot in epidemic prevention but also a mass panic that provoked the public to overestimate the risk after the shutdown of the Taipei Municipal Hoping Hospital. The end result was a disorderly scene in which people rushed to buy masks but did not know how to use them.
It also revealed that Taiwan lacked orderly ways in risk communication, because knowledge was unable to be converted in time into information that could be easily understood and obtained by the public. The "marginal utility" of panic control could not be brought into full play.
In an investigative report on the social situation during the SARS period, the Academia Sinica compared the extent to which the general public in Taiwan and in Hong Kong believed the media.
In Taiwan, one third of people "completely believed" the electronic media and the print media while in Hong Kong less than one half did.
Besides risk perception and risk communication, the SARS lesson on the issue of risk governance includes political, economic, social and cultural elements, and should not be treated simplistically.
When "civic awareness" is not evident and there is a lack of "public domain" to reach a consensus, the power and prestige of politics and science can possibly collapse overnight to almost paralyze society.
In the past, "crisis management" took the form of command from the top down. The more effective way of risk governance should adopt the form of two-way communication, emphasizing the building of organic network relations among private institutions, communities and non-profit organizations. With close interaction and mutual trust, these groups can then set up a platform for the flow of information, complementary resources and mobile division of labor.
With regard to the governance of public risk, individuals should also realize that it is neither the business of other people nor the business of government. Rather, each and every citizen has the right and responsibility to share the risks of modernity. This kind of governance philosophy with democratic participation and the spirit of a civic society happens to be in sharp contrast to totalitarian or authoritarian governance. It can be a model of choice to go along with Taiwan's development direction.
In sum, SARS has made the shocked Taiwanese discover the need for deep self-reflection. The leading economic values that people have believed in without any doubt for a very long time, profit-driven and market-oriented medical policies, and even people's tendency to pay no attention at all to public affairs should be criticized and reviewed.
We hope Taiwan can soon set up a new two-way risk governance model to let it make people identify and get a better understanding of profit and risk. The new model should clear up possible entanglements of dangers. The many strata of society should be taken into account in this model, such as individuals, groups, political economic systems and social-ethical standards. It should also take on risk simulation to find the best ways of handling potential dangers. After all, there must be risks ahead of us. Haven't we learned the lesson?
Ku Chung-hwa is a professor of sociology at National Chengchi University and an executive committee member of the Taipei Society.
Translated by Grace Shaw
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